Bacterial acetylation of 5-aminosalicylic acid in faecal suspensions cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Abstract
After oral administration of 5-aminosalicylic acid a substantial proportion of the acetylated form is excreted in the faeces. We have studied the role of the faecal microflora in acetylating 5-aminosalicylic acid. In faeces incubated under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions there was acetylation of 5-aminosalicylic acid. Of the anaerobic bacteria isolated from a 10(8) faecal dilution 44% were able to acetylate 5-aminosalicylic acid. We conclude that the normal faecal microflora contribute to the acetylation of 5-aminosalicylic acid.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
5-ASA can be converted to N-acetyl 5-ASA by intestinal bacteria, a reaction that shows variability in human fecal samples.
“5-ASA can be converted to N-acetyl 5-ASA by intestinal bacteria, a reaction that does show variability in human fecal samples (van Hogezand et al., 1992).”
From Gut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions (2019) · cites this paper as van Hogezand et al., 1992
Cites
Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of salicylazosulfapyridine in man
Schröder, H., & Campbell, D. E. S. (1972) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1972134539 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Rasmussen, S. N., Bondesen, S., HVIDBERG, E. F., Hansen, S. H., Binder, V., Halskov, S., & Flachs, H. (1982) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(82)80075-9 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
An oral preparation to release drugs in the human colon.
Dew, M. J., Hughes, P., Lee, M., Evans, B., & Rhodes, J. (1982) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01999.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Willoughby, C. P., Aronson, J. K., Agback, H., Bodin, N., & Truelove, S. C. (1982) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.23.12.1081 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Lauritsen, K., Hansen, J. P. H., Ryde, M., & Rask-Madsen, J. (1984) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(84)80164-x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Rasmussen, S. N., Lauritsen, K., Tage‐Jensen, U., Nielsen, O. H., Bytzer, P., Jacobsen, O., Ladefoged, K., VILIEN, M., Binder, V., Rask-Madsen, J., et al. (1987) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365528708991929 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis with oral preparation of 5-aminosalicylic acid.
Dew, M. J., Hughes, P., Harries, A. D., Williams, G., Evans, B. K., & Rhodes, J. (1982) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.285.6347.1012 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The Effect of TopicalN-Acetyl-5-Aminosalicylic Acid in Ulcerative Colitis
Willoughby, C. P., Piris, J., & Truelove, S. C. (1980) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365528009181520 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
van Hogezand, R. A., van Hees, P. A. M., GORP, J. P. W. M. V., van Lier, H. J. J., Bakker, J., Wesseling, P., van Haelst, U. J. G. M., & van Tongeren, J. H. M. (1988) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.1988.tb00668.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Disposition of disodium azodisalicylate in healthy subjects
van Hogezand, R. A., van Hees, P. A. M., Zwanenburg, B., van Rossum, J. M., & van Tongeren, J. H. M. (1985) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(85)90142-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Klotz, U. E., Maier, K., Fischer, C., & Bauer, K. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Role of the intestinal flora in the acetylation of sulfasalazine metabolites
Dull, B. J., Salata, K., & Goldman, P. (1987) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(87)90034-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Pieniaszek, H. J., & Bates, T. R. (1979) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600681036 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
van Hogezand, R. A., van Balen, H. C. J. G., van Schaik, A., Tangerman, A., van Hees, P. A. M., Zwanenburg, B., & van Tongeren, J. H. M. (1984) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83364-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Absorption, enterohepatic circulation, and excretion of 5-aminosalicylic acid in rats.
Shafii, A., Chowdhury, & Das, K. M. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Koopman, J. P., Oeveren, J. P. V., & Janssen, F. G. J. (1973) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1128/am.26.4.584-588.1973 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Oxygen radical injury in the presence of desferal, a specific iron-chelating agent
Gupta, M., & Singal, P. K. (1987) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(87)90035-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
GIERCKSKY, K., Husby, G., Rugstad, H. E., & Revhaug, A. (1988) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.1988.tb00763.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Association of germfree mice with bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of "normal" mice.
Koopman, J. P., Prins, R. A., Mullink, J. W. M. A., Welling, G. W., Kennis, H. M., & Hectors, M. P. C. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Havu, N., Mattsson, H., Carlsson, K., Lundell, L., Carlsson, E. I., & Bräutigam, J. (1989) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365528909091272 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
5-Aminosalicylic acid in patients with an ileo-rectal anastomosis
Bondesen, S., Tage‐Jensen, U., Jacobsen, O., Hansen, S. H., Rasmussen, S. N., & HVIDBERG, E. F. (1986) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00870980 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Koopman, J. P., Oeveren, J. P. V., & Janssen, F. G. J. (1973) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.26.4.584-588.1973 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota
Koppel, N., Maini Rekdal, V., & Balskus, E. P. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag2770 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Gut microbiome interactions with drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity
Wilson, I. D., & Nicholson, J. K. (2017) · Translational Research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2016.08.002 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
The gastrointestinal microbiota as a site for the biotransformation of drugs
Sousa, T., Paterson, R., Moore, V., Carlsson, A., Abrahamsson, B., & Basit, A. W. (2008) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.009 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Gut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions
Clarke, G., Sandhu, K. V., Griffin, B. T., Dinan, T. G., Cryan, J. F., & Hyland, N. P. (2019) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.118.015768 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Gut microbial metabolism of 5-ASA diminishes its clinical efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease
Mehta, R. S., Mayers, J. R., Zhang, Y., Bhosle, A., Glasser, N. R., Nguyen, L. H., Ma, W., Bae, S., Branck, T. A., Song, K., et al. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02217-7 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Psychotropics and the Microbiome: a Chamber of Secrets…
Cussotto, S., Clarke, G. A., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-5185-8 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Drug–gut microbiota interactions: implications for neuropharmacology
Walsh, J., Griffin, B. T., Clarke, G. A., & Hyland, N. P. (2018) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14366 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
On the Colonic Bacterial Metabolism of Azo-Bonded Prodrugsof 5-Aminosalicylic Acid
Sousa, T., Yadav, V., Zann, V., Borde, A., Abrahamsson, B., & Basit, A. W. (2014) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.24103 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
The anti-inflammatory drug mesalamine targets bacterial polyphosphate accumulation
Dahl, J., Gray, M. J., Bazopoulou, D., Beaufay, F., Lempart, J., Koenigsknecht, M. J., Wang, Y., Baker, J. R., Hasler, W. L., Young, V. B., et al. (2017) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.267 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Deloménie, C., Fouix, S., Longuemaux, S., Brahimi, N., Bizet, C., Picard, B., Denamur, E., & Dupret, J.-M. (2001) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.183.11.3417-3427.2001 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Mechanisms of gastrointestinal microflora on drug metabolism in clinical practice
Sun, C., Chen, L., & Shen, Z. (2019) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2019.09.011 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Human gut microbiota plays a role in the metabolism of drugs
Jourová, L., Anzenbacher, P., & Anzenbacherová, E. (2016) · Biomedical Papers · doi:10.5507/bp.2016.039 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Westwood, I. M., Holton, S. J., Rodrigues‐Lima, F., Dupret, J., Bhakta, S., Noble, M. E. M., & Sim, E. (2005) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20041330 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The metabolic effect of gut microbiota on drugs
Xie, Y., Hu, F., Xiang, D., Lu, H., Li, W., Zhao, A., Huang, L., & Wang, R. (2020) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1080/03602532.2020.1718691 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The role of gut microbiota in the pharmacokinetics of antihypertensive drugs
Choi, M. S., Yu, J. S., Yoo, H. H., & Kim, D. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.019 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hussain, F., Ajjan, R., Kapur, K. C., Moustafa, M., & Riley, S. A. (2001) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00891.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hussain, F., Ajjan, R., & Riley, S. A. (2000) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00164.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Becker, H. E. F., Demers, K., Derijks, L. J. J., Jonkers, D. M. A. E., & Penders, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1107976 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Microbiota and Drug Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Franzin, M., Stefančič, K., Lucafò, M., Decorti, G., & Stocco, G. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10020211 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ryde, E. M., & Ahnfelt, N.-O. (1988) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf01046706 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bondesen, S. (1997) · Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1997.tb01944.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cai, J., Auster, A., Cho, S., & Lai, Z. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2023.07.002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ho, M. Y. K., Morris, M. J., Pirhalla, J. L., Bauman, J. W., Pendry, C., Orford, K. W., Morrison, R. A., & Cox, D. S. (2013) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.3109/00498254.2013.831143 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Freire, C., Podczeck, F., Ferreira, D., Veiga, F., Sousa, J., & Pena, A. (2010) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/jpp.62.01.0005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
O’Reilly, C., Mills, S., Rea, M. C., Lavelle, A., Ghosh, S. K., Hill, C., & Ross, R. P. (2023) · Microbiome Research Reports · doi:10.20517/mrr.2023.41 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mesalazine pharmacokinetics and NAT2 phenotype
Lück, H., Kinzig, M., Jetter, A., Fuhr, U., & Sörgel, F. (2008) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-008-0550-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Damman, C. J. (2013) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.21086 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Modulation of Drug Efficacy and Toxicity by the Gut Microbiome
Wilson, I. D., & Nicholson, J. K. (2014) · Molecular and integrative toxicology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6539-2_15 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Naik, A., & Misra, S. K. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02736 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lv, M., Chen, S., Qin, H., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, R., Chen, L., Qu, G., & Jiang, G. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c01820 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cystic fibrosis and inflammatory bowel disease: parallels in gut physiology and microbiota
Barrack, K. E., & O’Toole, G. A. (2025) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00167-25 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Modulating Response to Therapies in IBD
Bartocci, B., Gaudio, A. D., Murgiano, M., Papa, A., Cammarota, G., Gasbarrini, A., Scaldaferri, F., & Lopetuso, L. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14051082 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Underlying Mechanism of Drug and Non-drug Interactions
Ogbu, J. I., Moreira, C. V. L., Saavedra, R., & Fajemiroye, J. O. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80107-5_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Biotransformation by the Gut Microbiome
Chi, L., & Lü, K. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64268-x
Cotter, P. D., & Barton, W. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.726708065.793567416
Intestine Offers Board and Lodging for Intestinal Microbes on a Short- or Long-Term Stay
Blachier, F. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26322-4_2
Intestinal Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolism and Safety of Drugs
Chu, X. Y., & Ho, P. C. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119660699.ch25
Decoding the Influence of Gut Microbial Enzymes on Drug Metabolism: Insights and Strategies
Palanisamy, H., & Vidyalakshmi, S. (2025) · Biology Bulletin Reviews · doi:10.1134/s2079086425600419
Gut microbiota impact on drug metabolism, bioavailability, and biotransformation
Boyle, N. R., & Patterson, A. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29289-7.00019-9
Xenobiotics: Sources, Fate, and Transport in the Human Body
Reddy, U., Joy, L., Padmanabhan, U., & Jain, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-28619-2_2
- Authors
- van Hogezand, R. A., Kennis, H. M., van Schaik, A., Koopman, J. P., van Hees, P. A. M., & van Tongeren, J. H. M.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
- Published
- 1992-03
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-192
- ISSN
- 0031-6970 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1041
- OpenAlex
- W1995278557
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Keywords
- 5-aminosalicylic acid, fecal microbiota, anaerobic bacteria, aerobic conditions, anaerobic conditions, oral administration
- MeSH terms
- Acetylation, Aerobiosis, Aminosalicylic Acids, Anaerobiosis, Bacteria, Bacteriological Techniques, Feces, Humans, Mesalamine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review