The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Patient education—evaluation of a complex intervention
Open accessAbstract
Diabetes education or self-management programmes are complex interventions. Their evaluation is difficult because of problems in identifying and separately assessing the effect of the various components of the intervention. A phased approach defining sequential stages of a continuum of increasing evidence has been proposed as a framework for the design and evaluation of such complex interventions. As an example we present the available evidence for diabetes treatment and teaching programmes implemented in Germany. Evidence is compiled for structured group treatment and teaching programmes for Type I diabetes, non-insulin dependent Type II diabetes, and hypertension according to the following sequential stages of increasing evidence: (i) preclinical or theoretical phase; (ii) modelling the components of the intervention; (iii) exploratory trials; (iv) randomized controlled trials; (v) phase of implementation including replication and transfer to different settings. Evidence for most of these phases has been generated for the three programmes, although individual studies do not fulfill all important quality criteria by today's standards. The time span for gathering the evidence from the theoretical phase to surveillance after implementation was about 20 years. It can only be speculated which parts of the programmes are the most active ones. The presentation of a continuum of increasing evidence for diabetes education or self-management programmes could provide useful information for the appraisal of such complex interventions. Since this evidence cannot be readily extracted from databases we suggest that other research groups present their data in a similar way.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is convincing evidence that formal training programs that teach patients to replace insulin “physiologically” by giving background and mealtime/correction doses of insulin can reduce the risk of severe hypoglycemia.”
From Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (2013) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“There is convincing evidence that formal training programs that teach patients to replace insulin ' physiologically ' by giving background and mealtime/ correction doses of insulin can reduce the risk of severe hypoglycemia.”
From Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (2013) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“The Insulin Treatment and Training programs developed by M € uhlhauser and Berger (100) have reported improved glycemic control comparable with DCCT while reducing the rates of severe hypoglycemia (101,102).”
From Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (2013) · cites this paper as [100]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health
Campbell, M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7262.694 · Cited by 3,474 · cited 2×
“Medical Research Council has proposed a framework for the design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health [6, 7].”
BackgroundSelf-Management Education for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Norris, S. L., Lau, J., Smith, S. J., Schmid, C. H., & Engelgau, M. M. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.7.1159 · Cited by 1,750
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & for the CONSORT Group* (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00011 · Cited by 1,426
Cahill, G. F., Etzwiler, D. D., & Freinkel, N. (1976) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197604292941811 · Cited by 302
Patient education as the basis for diabetes care in clinical practice and research
Assal, J. P., Mühlhauser, I., Pernet, A., Gfeller, R., Jörgens, V., & Berger, M. (1985) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00281995 · Cited by 273
M�hlhauser, I., J�rgens, V., Berger, M., Graninger, W. B., G�rtler, W., Hörnke, L., Kunz, A., Schernthaner, G., Scholz, V., & Voss, H. E. (1983) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00284453 · Cited by 269
Bloomgarden, Z. T., Karmally, W., Metzger, M. J., BROTHERS, M. J., Nechemias, C., Bookman, J. J., Faierman, D., Ginsberg‐Fellner, F., Rayfield, E. J., & Brown, W. V. (1987) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.10.3.263 · Cited by 249
Monitoring blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.
Coster, S., Gulliford, M. C., Seed, P. T., Powrie, & Swaminathan (2000) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta4120 · Cited by 245
Validation of a Diabetes-Specific Quality-of-Life Scale for Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Bott, U., Mühlhauser, I., Overmann, H., & Berger, M. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.5.757 · Cited by 204
Intensified insulin therapy and the risk of severe hypoglycaemia
Bott, S., Bott, U., Berger, M., & Mühlhauser, I. (1997) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050769 · Cited by 180
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [3]3. Norris SL, Engelgau MM, Narayan KMV (2001) Effective- ness of self-management training in Type 2 diabetes. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 24:561-587
- [5]5. Renders CM, Valk GD, Griffin S, Wagner EH, Eijk van JT, Assendelft WJJ (2001) Interventions to improve the man- agement of diabetes mellitus in primary care, outpatient, and community settings (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2001. Oxford: Update Software (also: Diabetes Care 2001; 24:1812-1833)
- [15]15. Berger M, Jörgens V (2001) Praxis der Insulintherapie 6th edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–102 of 102
Handing control to the patient - structured education in diabetes
Heller, S. R. (2022) · British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.15277/bjd.2022.363 · Cited by 1
Outpatient Diabetes Management and the Chronic Care Model
Rodríguez‐Saldaña, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25519-9_22 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- I., M., & M., B.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2002-12-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1723-1733
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W2000503313
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diabetes education, self-management program, complex interventions, intervention evaluation, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, randomized controlled trials, exploratory trials, implementation
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Germany, Humans, Hypertension, Patient Education as Topic, Self Care, Teaching, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
