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Glycaemic control and severe hypoglycaemia following training in flexible, intensive insulin therapy to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: a prospective implementation study
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a course teaching flexible, intensive insulin therapy on glycaemic control and severe hypoglycaemia in routine care.Methods This is a continuous quality-assurance project involving hospital diabetes centres. Every third year each centre re-examines 50 consecutive patients (evaluation sample) 1 year after participation in the course. Ninety-six diabetes centres in Germany participated and 9,583 patients with type 1 diabetes (190 evaluation samples) were re-examined between 1992 and 2004. The intervention was a 5-day inpatient course for groups of up to ten patients with a fixed curriculum of education and training for dietary flexibility and insulin adjustment. The main outcome measures were HbA1c and severe hypoglycaemia.Results Mean baseline HbA1c was 8.1%, and had decreased to 7.3% at follow-up; incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was 0.37 events per patient per year prior to intervention and 0.14 after intervention. In mixed-effects models adjusted for effects of centres, age and diabetes duration, the mean difference was -0.7% (95% CI -0.9 to -0.6%, p<0.0001) for HbA1c and -0.21 events per patient per year (95% CI -0.32 to -0.11, p=0.0001) for severe hypoglycaemia, with similar results for evaluation samples, with a maximum of 10% of patients lost to follow-up. Before intervention, the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was three-fold higher in the lowest quartile than in the highest quartile of HbA1c, whereas the risk was comparable across the range of HbA1c values after intervention.Conclusions/interpretation Implemented as part of a continuous quality-assurance programme the self-management programme is effective and safe in routine care. Improvement of glycaemic control can be achieved without increasing the risk of severe hypoglycaemia.
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“The Insulin Treatment and Training programs developed by Mühlhauser and Berger (100) have reported improved glycemic control comparable with DCCT while reducing the rates of severe hypoglycemia (101,102).”
From Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (2013) · cites this paper as [102]
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“There is convincing evidence that formal training programs that teach patients to replace insulin “physiologically” by giving background and mealtime/correction doses of insulin can reduce the risk of severe hypoglycemia.”
From Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (2013) · cites this paper as [102]
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“The Insulin Treatment and Training programs developed by M € uhlhauser and Berger (100) have reported improved glycemic control comparable with DCCT while reducing the rates of severe hypoglycemia (101,102).”
From Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (2013) · cites this paper as [102]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sämann, A., Mühlhauser, I., Bender, R., Kloos, C., & Müller, U. A.
- Affiliations
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (DE)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
- ORCID
- Müller, U. A.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2005-08-18
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1965-1970
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W1991647428
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 7.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Sanofi
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, intensive insulin therapy, glycemic control, HbA1c, severe hypoglycemia, diabetes self-management education, quality assurance, insulin dose adjustment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diet, Female, Germany, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Prospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Total Quality Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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