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Revisiting the links between glycaemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Open accessAbstract
Whilst the interplay between type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been recognised for many years, recent analyses of existing studies have helped refine several aspects of this relationship with relevance to clinical practice. First, recent data demonstrate that fasting glucose is not linearly related to CVD risk in those without diabetes; rather, risk levels escalate (modestly at first) only beyond specific glucose thresholds. Consequently, glucose-based measures may not necessarily enhance CVD risk prediction in those without diabetes. Second, other data confirm that new-onset diabetes is not a post-myocardial infarction 'risk equivalent' state and that, on average, several years of diabetes duration is needed to attain this level of risk. Third, meta-analyses and systemic reviews have confirmed that diabetes increases CVD risk by around twofold on average and this risk is subject to wide variation, being lowest in those newly diagnosed and highest in those with existing vascular disease, proteinuria or renal disease. Fourth, meta-analyses of major glucose-lowering trials suggest that, whilst glucose-lowering lessens vascular risk, risk reduction arising from statins and blood pressure-lowering is greater. Fifth, statins increase diabetes risk, albeit modestly, adding to the emerging concept that some agents that primarily target CVD risk may be diabetogenic, and vice versa. Finally, arising in part from the latter observation, as well as an understanding that CVD and diabetes risk overlap in some individuals but not others, the case for combined CVD/diabetes risk screening (generally using non-fasting lipids and HbA1c), has gained strength.
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“Recent data from a prospective cohort study reported that the risk of acute pancreatitis increased significantly over the quartiles of serum TGs”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [383]
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“Recent data indicate that diabetes per se increases CVD risk about two-fold on average, but the risk is subject to wide variation depending on the population. 342”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [342]
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“Recent data indicate that diabetes per se increases CVD risk about two-fold on average, but the risk is subject to wide variation depending on the population.342”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [342]
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2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Graham, I., De Backer, G., Wiklund, O., Chapman, M. J., Drexel, H., Hoes, A. W., Jennings, C. S., Landmesser, U., Pedersen, T. R., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw272 · Cited by 3,162
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BackgroundMechanisms of Cardiovascular Benefits of Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
Lopaschuk, G. D., & Verma, S. (2020) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.02.004 · Cited by 941
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New insights into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes
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SGLT2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk: Lessons Learned From the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Study
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“differences in HbA1c values between the two cohorts, consistent with post hoc trial analyses showing that baseline HbA1c values are not affected by treatment with SGLT2-I [30].”
ResultGender aspects in type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic risk
Sattar, N. (2013) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.006 · Cited by 177
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“T he global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is forecast to reach 300 million by 2025, and more than three-fourths of deaths among this population are expected to result from cardiovascular disease.(1) Individuals with DM are indeed at a significantly greater risk of developing both microvascular and macrovascular…”
Sattar, N. A., Ginsberg, H. N., Ray, K. K., Chapman, M. J., Arca, M., Averna, M. R., Betteridge, D. J., Bhatnagar, D., Bilianou, E., Carmena, R., et al. (2014) · Atherosclerosis Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2014.04.001 · Cited by 99
“Given that the level of CV risk increases with the duration of T2D [61,62], early and effective modification of CVD risk, whilst mitigating the risk of developing/worsening T2D, would seem sensible.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCardiovascular Protection by Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: Potential Mechanisms
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“Third, hyperglycemia is a weak risk factor for cardiovascular disease, as evidenced by numerous previous studies.(18,22,25)”
BackgroundPostprandial glucose spikes, an important contributor to cardiovascular disease in diabetes?
Hanssen, N. M. J., Kraakman, M. J., Flynn, M. C., Nagareddy, P. R., Schalkwijk, C. G., & Murphy, A. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.570553 · Cited by 90
“In reality, controlling traditional CVD risk factors including blood pressure and plasma lipids still remains the most successful strategy to reduce CVD mortality in diabetes (6).”
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Definition of intervention points in prediabetes
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Quantifying cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with psoriasis: a meta-analysis
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“diabetic patients has been well established (4,18,19).”
BackgroundBebu, I., Braffett, B. H., Orchard, T. J., Lorenzi, G. M., Lachin, J. M., & the DCCT/EDIC Research Group (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-1613 · Cited by 62
“In T1D, the HbA1c association with CVD was weak and inconsistent in several early observational studies (12,13), but more recent registry data (2,14) have shown a clearer association.”
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“A review of the available data in adults with T2DM suggests that cardiovascular morbidity increases with diabetes duration (39); however, the duration of diabetes in these studies is considerably longer than reported in our cohort.”
BackgroundCardiovascular Protection by Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: Potential Mechanisms
Staels, B. (2017) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.05.013 · Cited by 59
“Third, hyperglycemia is a weak risk factor for cardiovascular disease, as evidenced by numerous previous studies.(18,22,25)”
BackgroundInhibition of TLR4 attenuates vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress in diabetic rats
Carrillo-Sepúlveda, M. A., Spitler, K. M., Pandey, D., Berkowitz, D. E., & Matsumoto, T. (2015) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-015-1318-7 · Cited by 58
Physical activity, ethnicity and cardio-metabolic health: Does one size fit all?
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“Patients with type 2 diabetes have increased risk of CVD compared to the general population [48], so form a group in which a lifestyle intervention RCT could conceivably demonstrate benefit in terms of reduced cardiovascular event rate.”
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Eschwège, É., Basdevant, A., Crine, A., Moisan, C., & Charles, M.-A. A. (2014) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2014.11.007 · Cited by 55
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“…has also investigated whether the HO peanuts can modulate lipid profiles and markers of glycemic control (O’Byrne et al., 1997; Vassiliou et al., 2009), both which have broader implications in terms of their associations with CV disease and diabetes (Sattar, 2013; Schwingshackl & Hoffmann, 2012).”
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Enhancing Microwave Sensor Performance With Ultrahigh Q Features Using CycleGAN
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“140 mg/dL at 2 h after a meal is called hyperglycemia, a condition that may cause serious health complications, including blindness [9], [33], kidney disease [34], and cardiovascular problems [1], [35], [36], [37].”
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2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
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Association of Baseline HbA1c With Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes: Analyses From DECLARE-TIMI 58
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“Diabetes mellitus is considered a coronary heart disease risk equivalent, because patients with diabetes mellitus without any history of myocardial infarction (MI) experience elevated risk of cardiac death and recurrent nonfatal MI similar to patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD).(2,3) Unfortunately,…”
BackgroundWang, Y., Fang, Y., Magliano, D. J., Charchar, F. J., Sobey, C. G., Drummond, G. R., & Golledge, J. (2022) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvac124 · Cited by 39
“>150 mg/dL),(39) and this might, at least in part, explain why people with diabetes have a higher CVD risk (about two-fold on average) compared with those without the disease.(40,41) The proposed diabetes-induced sensitization to hypertriglyceridaemia hypothesis is supported by the ACCORD-Lipid study.”
ResultThe Role of Statins in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Update
Katsiki, N., Athyros, V. G., Karagiannis, A. I., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113196660673 · Cited by 37
“However, this statin-related risk of NOD is modest and dose-dependent, and it did not outweigh the benefit in terms of CVD risk reduction in high-risk patients [155-159].”
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“Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by two folds on average, and earlier onset of diabetes is associated with higher mortality rate, which is mostly attributed to CVD mortality [4, 5].”
BackgroundThe design and discovery of lixisenatide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Christensen, M., Miossec, P., Larsen, B. D., Werner, U., & Knop, F. K. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1517/17460441.2014.942638 · Cited by 34
“Indeed, early in vitro kinetics studies indicated that the active fragment of human GLP-1, GLP-1 (7 -- 36), was one of a number of chemically diverse peptides (including substance-P, human parathyroid hormone [1-34] and epithelial membrane protein-1) with increased half-lives and unaffected biologic activity in respon…”
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“Previous studies have estimated that people with type 2 diabetes have a shorter life span than non-diabetic populations largely because of increased CVD, and they face a twofold to fourfold greater risk of CVD and all-cause mortality [5,6].”
BackgroundJovanovski, E., Duvnjak, L. S., Komishon, A., Au‐Yeung, F., Sievenpiper, J. L., Zurbau, A., Jenkins, A. L., Sung, M., Josse, R. G., Li, D., et al. (2019) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.005 · Cited by 31
“Improvement of BP is proposed to have a greater potential to reduce CVD than lowering plasma glucose concentrations in this population, thus representing a relevant primary therapeutic target [16].”
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“Furthermore, meta-analyses and systematic reviews confirmed that DM increases the risk of CVD, which is the highest in patients with existing vascular disease, proteinuria, or renal disease, and the lowest in those newly diagnosed [21].”
BackgroundTargeting Features of the Metabolic Syndrome Through Sympatholytic Effects of SGLT2 Inhibition
Herat, L. Y., Matthews, J. R., Azzam, O., Schlaich, M. P., & Matthews, V. B. (2022) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-022-01170-z · Cited by 31
COSMIC project: consensus on the objectives of the metabolic syndrome in clinic
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“Treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes An improvement in glycemic control yielded no significant impact on CVD prevention, possibly due to the study designs or because desirable HbA 1c levels were not reached and maintained long enough and with drugs without the hypoglycemic risk, although a reduction in the number o…”
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“macrovascular disease [25], was not different between individuals with and without CAD.”
BackgroundInfluentialStatin use in Brazil: findings and implications
do Nascimento, R. C. R. M., Guerra, A. A., Jr., Álvares-Teodoro, J., Gomes, I. C., Godman, B., Bennie, M., Kurdi, A. B., & Acúrcio, F. D. A. (2018) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2018.1451312 · Cited by 26
Managing dyslipidemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Tomlinson, B., Patil, N. G., Fok, M., & Lam, C. W. K. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2021.1912734 · Cited by 25
“demia and hypertension may be more important than controlling hyperglycemia to reduce the risk of ASCVD [2,5].”
BackgroundMyocardial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes
Ofstad, A. P. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365513.2016.1155230 · Cited by 25
“that a higher hyperglycemic burden in early T2DM matters in the development of CVD [56,108].”
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“nondiabetic persons, with relative risk being 2 (coronary or cerebrovascular) to 10-fold (leg amputations) higher [10,11].”
BackgroundDiabetes is associated with decreased migraine risk: A nationwide cohort study
Antonazzo, I. C., Riise, T., Cortese, M., Berge, L. I., Engeland, A., Fasmer, O. B., Lund, A., Ødegaard, K. J., Poluzzi, E., & Bjørnevik, K. (2017) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102417748573 · Cited by 24
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“Importantly, the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with T2D should be thought of as being a continuum: already at elevated risk when first diagnosed, the risk of CV events increases both over time, reflecting the duration of exposure to hyperglycaemia, and following the incidence of a CV event such as myo…”
BackgroundShao, H., Shi, L., Lin, Y., & Fonseca, V. A. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108316 · Cited by 23
Chen, Y., Fu, Y., Wang, S., Chen, P., Pei, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, R., Niu, G., Gu, F., & Li, X. (2022) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01668-5 · Cited by 23
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“non-fatal ASCVD), presence of other cardiovascular risk factors and end-organ damage, and duration of diabetes [30, 31].”
BackgroundAlsaidan, A. A. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1155/ijcp/7233591 · Cited by 23
“…causes of CVD are obesity and diabetes, which have continuous correlations with each other and involve several cellular mechanisms involving altered insulin signaling, altered glucose transport, and beta-cell dysfunction, which is linked to infammation and buildup of oxidative stress [40, 41].”
Present status of statin therapy
Opie, L. H. (2014) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.002 · Cited by 22
“[30] Sattar N.”
BackgroundInfluentialCardiovascular Screening for the Asymptomatic Patient with Diabetes: More Cons Than Pros
Makrilakis, K., & Liatis, S. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2017/8927473 · Cited by 22
“, men younger than 35 years of age, women younger than 45 years, and patients with diabetes duration of less than 10 years without other risk factors) [37], and recent guidelines do not anymore consider diabetes as a CHD risk equivalent, but recommend cardiovascular risk stratification for primary and secondary preven…”
BackgroundPolanka, B. M., Berntson, J., Vrany, E. A., & Stewart, J. C. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay007 · Cited by 21
“While diabetes and hypercholesterolemia are traditional cardiovascular risk factors [46, 47], these variables were assessed only at Wave 2.”
BackgroundThe effect of the experimental chronic hyperglycemia on the kidney and myocardium
Yarmolenko, O. S., Бумейстер, В. І., Polák, Š., Gordienko, O., Prykhodko, O., Demikhova, N. V., Shkatula, Y. V., & Demikhov, A. (2021) · Ukrainian Journal of Nephrology and Dialysis · doi:10.31450/ukrjnd.3(71).2021.01 · Cited by 20
“Experiments on mice with induced hyperglycemia and infected with influenza virus revealed excess cytokine production [15, 16].”
BackgroundMattina, A., Argano, C., Brunori, G., Lupo, U., Raspanti, M., Monaco, M. L., Bocchio, R. M., Natoli, G., Giusti, M. A., & Corrao, S. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.008 · Cited by 20
Hua, X.-P., Qian, J., Cao, C., Xie, J., Zeng, X., & Zhang, Z. (2016) · Genetics and Molecular Research · doi:10.4238/gmr.15037292 · Cited by 21
“Diabetes mellitus (Sattar, 2013), obesity (Yatsuya et al.”
BackgroundAnholm, C., Kumarathurai, P., Pedersen, L. R., Nielsen, O. W., Kristiansen, O. P., Fenger, M., Madsbad, S., Sajadieh, A., & Haugaard, S. B. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12891 · Cited by 22
“Insulin resistance is associated with macrovascular complications,(28,29)and deterioration in glycaemic control increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.(30) Liraglutide improves glycaemia,(9) which, hypothetically, may imply cardiovascular benefits to the patients, while the effect of liraglutide on insulin resis…”
BackgroundVora, J. P., Cherney, D. Z. I., Kosiborod, M., Spaak, J., Kanumilli, N., Khunti, K., Lam, C. S. P., Bachmann, M., Fenici, P., & the CaReMe Global Alliance (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15485 · Cited by 26
Nichols, G. A., Rosales, A. G., Perrin, N., & Fortmann, S. P. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1300 · Cited by 19
“Therefore, our results further support the notion that CVD risk reduction in diabetes remains most effective by targeting blood pressure and LDL cholesterol (18).”
BackgroundResultHill, J., Peer, N., Jonathan, D., Mayige, M. T., Sobngwi, E., & Kengne, A. P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082876 · Cited by 19
“Indeed, Sattar (2013) [41] concluded that glucose-based measures might not improve CVD risk prediction in those without diabetes.”
BackgroundHashemi‐Madani, N., Ismail‐Beigi, F., Khamseh, M. E., Malek, M., & Valojerdi, A. E. (2017) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487317707293 · Cited by 18
A dysglycaemic effect of statins in diabetes: relevance to clinical practice?
Swerdlow, D. I., & Sattar, N. A. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3409-3 · Cited by 17
“We must remember that few drugs lack adverse effects and that recent reductions in type 2 diabetes CVD mortality have likely largely resulted from improvements in cholesterol, blood pressure and smoking behaviours, as recently reviewed [19].”
BackgroundSelf-citationEctopic calcification in diabetic vascular disease
Avogaro, A., Rattazzi, M., & Fadini, G. P. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.2014.894021 · Cited by 18
“As a result, long-standing diabetes is considered as a coronary heart disease (CHD) equivalent [3].”
BackgroundPostprandial hyperlipidemia as a risk factor in patients with type 2 diabetes
Tomlinson, B., Chan, P., & Lam, C. W. K. (2020) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2020.1750949 · Cited by 20
“CVD risk than intensive treatment of the hyperglycemia [2,4].”
BackgroundSystematic Literature Review of Transformer Model Implementations in Detecting Depression
Nanggala, K., Elwirehardja, G. N., & Pardamean, B. (2023) · International Conference of Computer and Informatics Engineering (IC2IE) · doi:10.1109/ic2ie60547.2023.10331448 · Cited by 16
“…depression can be seen based on the symptoms experienced by the patient [4] and is associated with higher risks of various health problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity [5], [6] and can even affect their concentration, sleep quality, and decision-making abilities [7].”
BackgroundEmpagliflozin as a new management strategy on outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Салухов, В. В., & Demidova, T. Y. (2016) · Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.14341/dm8216 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, lowering blood pressure (BP) and improving the lipid profile have a significantly greater impact on reducing cardiovascular risk than normalizing carbohydrate metabolism [8].”
BackgroundLessons from SAVOR and EXAMINE: Some important answers, but many open questions
Schernthaner, G., & Sattar, N. A. (2014) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.02.011 · Cited by 15
Self-citationAn overview of alogliptin + pioglitazone for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Tomlinson, B., Chan, P., & Lam, C. W. K. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2021.1985465 · Cited by 16
“GLP1-RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended for T2D patients with established ASCVD, and for patients with CKD or clinical heart failure and ASCVD, an SGLT2 inhibitor with proven benefit is recommended [40,43–45].”
BackgroundInfluentialKang, S.-J., & Ahn, C.-H. (2019) · Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation · doi:10.12965/jer.1938362.181 · Cited by 12
“Patients with type II diabetes have a shorter life expectancy than healthy people, and in this case, the risk of cardiovascular disease and death rate from any cause of death are 2–4 times higher (Rao Kondapally Seshasai et al., 2011; Sattar, 2013).”
BackgroundRen, J., Zhang, H., Shao, X., Gu, T., Hu, S., Zhang, Y., Jiang, C. Q., Zhang, J., Wu, X., Liu, X., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2025.133352 · Cited by 12
Dauriz, M., Porneala, B., Guo, X., Bielak, L. F., Peyser, P. A., Durant, N. H., Carnethon, M. R., Bonadonna, R. C., Bonora, E., Bowden, D. W., et al. (2015) · Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.114.000740 · Cited by 13
Başaran, Ö. (2023) · The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2022.2012 · Cited by 11
Cardiometabolic medicine: time to recognize a new clinical specialty?
Krentz, A. J., & Jacob, S. (2019) · Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/xce.0000000000000173 · Cited by 11
Lim, L., Lau, E. S. H., Kong, A. P. S., Fu, A. W. C., Lau, V., Jia, W., Sheu, W. H., Sobrepeña, L., Yoon, K., Tan, A. T. B., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100663 · Cited by 12
Joung, K. H., Kim, J. M., Choung, S., Lee, J. H., Kim, H. J., & Ku, B. J. (2020) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2020.01.17 · Cited by 10
“On the other hand, other studies have demonstrated that CVD risk in patients with T2DM varies widely and depends more on existing vascular disease, proteinuria or renal disease, and lowering blood lipid levels and blood pressure than on glucose control (6-8).”
BackgroundAli, M. K., Singh, K., Kondal, D., Devarajan, R., Patel, S. A., Menon, V. U., Varthakavi, P. K., Vishwanathan, V., Dharmalingam, M., Bantwal, G., et al. (2024) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004335 · Cited by 10
Scheen, A. J. (2023) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2023.101508 · Cited by 10
Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Prevenção da Aterosclerose – 2025
Rached, F. H., Miname, M. H., Rocha, V. Z., Zimerman, A., Cesena, F. Y., Sposito, A. C., Santos, R. D., Behr, P. E. B., Bianco, H. T., Alves, R. J., et al. (2025) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20250640 · Cited by 42
Gimeno-Orna, J. A., Lamarca, Y. B., Campos-Gutiérrez, B., Molinero-Herguedas, E., Lou-Arnal, L. M., & García-García, B. (2015) · Nefrología · doi:10.1016/j.nefro.2015.05.025 · Cited by 9
Possible Mechanisms of Action of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure
Martins, C. N. G., Bau, A. A., da Silva, L. M., & Coelho‐Filho, O. R. (2021) · ABC Heart Failure & Cardiomyopathy · doi:10.36660/abchf.20210007 · Cited by 9
Cardiovascular Safety of New Drugs for Diabetes: Getting the Balance Right?
Krentz, A. J., & Hompesch, M. (2014) · Pharmaceutical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40290-014-0053-7 · Cited by 9
Merton, K., Davies, M. J., Vijapurkar, U., Inman, D., & Meininger, G. E. (2017) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2017.1391759 · Cited by 9
“5% (generally acceptable threshold for regulatory approval), body weight reduction ≥3% (clinically significant threshold used in a previous analysis of an SGLT2 inhibitor [32]), and systolic BP reduction ≥4 mmHg (associated with CV benefits [12]), as well as the proportion of patients achieving the composite of the 3…”
BackgroundIlundain-González, A. I., Gimeno-Orna, J. A., Sáenz-Abad, D., Pons-Dolset, J., Hoyo, J. C.-D., & Lahoza-Pérez, M. C. (2018) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.endien.2018.01.005 · Cited by 9
Sakanaka, A., Katakami, N., Furuno, M., Nishizawa, H., Omori, K., Taya, N., Ishikawa, A., Mayumi, S., Inoue, M., Isomura, E. T., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2022.1074285 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, diabetes itself is an independent risk factor for CVD, and recent findings indicate that its presence increases that risk by approximately two-fold on average, though there are wide variations depending on the subject population and prophylactic treatment received (Sattar, 2013; Olesen et al., 2017).”
BackgroundLiu, C., Luo, B., Wang, B., He, L. N., Wu, H., Hou, L., & Zhang, K. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-22407-z · Cited by 8
“2015; Sattar 2013).”
BackgroundTalenezhad, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Rahmanian, M., Mirzavandi, F., Karimi‐Nazari, E., & Mozaffari–Khosravi, H. (2020) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100230 · Cited by 7
Claro, A. E., Palanza, C., Mazza, M., Corsello, A., Rizzi, A., Tartaglione, L., de Waure, C., Marano, G., Piciollo, S., Schuenemann, G. E. U. M., et al. (2022) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-022-01993-x · Cited by 8
“Diabetes is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, increasing cardiovascular risk in two- to fourfold [5], is the leading cause of blindness [6], chronic renal failure and dialysis [7], and of non-traumatic amputation of the lower limbs [8].”
BackgroundAre diabetes guidelines truly evidence based?
Bouchonville, M. F., Matani, S., DuBroff, J. J., & DuBroff, R. J. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.02.035 · Cited by 8
Krajnc, M., Balon, B. P., & Krajnc, I. (2019) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060518814080 · Cited by 8
“Cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary artery disease in particular, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).(1) The higher prevalence and rapid progression of CVD in these patients can only partly be explained by traditional risk factors such as arterial hypertension, dy…”
BackgroundIwamoto, M., Kubota, T., Sakurai, Y., Wada, N., Shioda, S., Yamauchi, T., Kadowaki, T., & Kubota, N. (2022) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.971 · Cited by 6
Piveta, V. M., Bittencourt, C., Oliveira, C. S. V., Saddi-Rosa, P., Meira, D. M., Giuffrida, F. M. A., & Reis, A. F. (2014) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-6-138 · Cited by 7
“HbA1c has a poor correlation with FPG, but there is an ongoing debate in literature about which one identifies individuals at a higher cardiometabolic risk and at the same time suffers less diagnostic interference from CAD itself [7-9].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Sattar, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sattar, N.
- ORCID
- Sattar, N.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2013-01-27
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 686-695
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W2031027166
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 3.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Amgen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi
- British Heart Foundation
- Diabetes UK
- University College London
- University of Glasgow
- University of Bristol
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, glycemia, fasting blood glucose, cardiovascular risk prediction, new-onset diabetes, myocardial infarction, diabetes duration, proteinuria, kidney disease, vascular disease, glucose-lowering therapy, statins, diabetogenic effect, HbA1c
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Male, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Triglycerides, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Diabetes Complications
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