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Risk factors for mental disorder among university students in Australia: findings from a web-based cross-sectional survey

Said, David, Kypri, Kypros, Bowman, Jenny·2013·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

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Abstract

Purpose To identify variables associated with common mental disorders in an Australian university population.Methods We invited all Australia-based students from a large public university (N = 24,209) to participate in a web-based student mental health survey. Outcome measures included the patient health questionnaire depression, anxiety, and eating disorders modules, and the alcohol use disorders identification test. Explanatory variables of interest included gender, age, year of study, degree type, financial means, parental education, domestic/international status, and sexual orientation. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate independent associations with the four outcomes.Results Complete responses were received from 6,044 students (25 %). Proportions reporting depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and harmful drinking were 8, 13, 14, and 8 %, respectively, while 30 % had at least one of these disorders. The groups with the highest rates of disorder were women, 25-34-year-olds, students on low income, and homosexual or bisexual students. Parental education was not associated with disorder, nor was international/domestic status.Conclusion This is the first study examining mental disorders in a population-based sample of university students in Australia. Given increasing student numbers and participation of students from lower socio-economic backgrounds, policy is urgently needed to promote better mental health in this population, to routinely identify vulnerable students, and to intervene early. Groups in particular need are women, students on low incomes, and homosexual or bisexual students.

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Moreta‐Herrera, R., Estrella, J. Z., Sánchez-Vélez, H., & Naranjo-Vaca, S. (2021) · Pensamiento Psicológico · doi:10.11144/javerianacali.ppsi19.smue · Cited by 28
“En Australia, el 30% de ellos presenta criterios clínicos de depresión, ansiedad, trastornos alimentarios y consumo de alcohol (Said, Kypri y Bowman, 2013).”
Background
The Influence of COVID-19 Stress and Self-Concealment on Professional Help-Seeking Attitudes: A Cross-Sectional Study of University Students
Tran-Chi, V.-L., Ly, T.-T., Luu-Thi, H.-T., Huynh, V.-S., & Nguyen-Thi, M.-T. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s345244 · Cited by 25
“oping certain mental health disorders that have been reported to be particularly high.(10,11) Recent reports found”
Personalized Help-Seeking Web Application for Chinese-Speaking International University Students: Development and Usability Study
Choi, I., Mestroni, G., Hunt, C. J., & Glozier, N. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/35659 · Cited by 23
“International students in Australia have similar levels of psychological distress as domestic students [3-5], yet they are significantly less likely to access mental health services [6-8].”
U.S. agricultural university students' mental well‐being and resilience during the first wave of COVID ‐19: Discordant expectations and experiences across genders
Ehmke, M. D., Katare, B., Kiesel, K., Bergtold, J. S., Penn, J., & Boys, K. A. (2022) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1002/aepp.13233 · Cited by 22
A multifaceted intervention to improve mental health literacy in employees of a multi-campus university: a cluster randomised trial
Reavley, N. J., McCann, T. V., Cvetkovski, S., & Jorm, A. F. (2014) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-03-2013-0010 · Cited by 24
Explaining the association between subjective social status and mental health among university students using an impact ratings approach
Rubin, M. (2020) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-020-00031-3 · Cited by 20
A cross sectional evaluation of an alcohol intervention targeting young university students
Burns, S. K., Jancey, J. M., Crawford, G., Hallett, J., Portsmouth, L., & Longo, J. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3314-4 · Cited by 22
Living in quiet desperation: The mental health epidemic in Australia’s higher education
Usher, W. T. (2019) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896919867438 · Cited by 19
“2%) with serious mental health problems on campus and an increase in the number of students seeking counselling (Said et al., 2013).”
Background
Anxiety predictors among college students in Kosovo
Kamberi, M., Hoxha, F., Shala, M., Shahini, M., & Vehapi, S. (2018) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2018.1479277 · Cited by 18
Mental health, gender, and higher education attainment
Burger, K., & Rocha, D. S. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-023-01187-3 · Cited by 19
“K just to new learning environments, and pursue demanding long-term academic goals (e.g., Said et al. 2013).”
Prevalence of depression and anxiety and their association with body mass index among high school students in Qazvin, Iran, 2013-2014
Javadi, M., Jourabchi, Z., Shafikhani, A. A., & Tajik, E. (2017) · Electronic physician · doi:10.19082/4655 · Cited by 17
The role of place, people and perception in law student well-being
Skead, N., Rogers, S., & Johnson, W. R. (2020) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101631 · Cited by 20
Psychological and Lifestyle Factors That Influence the Serial Reporting of Postconcussion‐like Symptoms in a Non‐concussed Population
Balasundaram, A. P., Athens, J., Schneiders, A. G., McCrory, P. R., & Sullivan, S. J. (2017) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.01.004 · Cited by 17
“In university students, anxiety is one of the most common mental health problems [43,44].”
Background
Mental health and lifestyle-related behaviors in medical students in a Jordanian University, and variations by clerkship status
Dodin, Y., Obeidat, N. A., Dodein, R., Seetan, K. I., Alajjawe, S., Awwad, M., Adwan, M., Alhawari, A., ALkatari, A., Alqadasi, A. A.-L., et al. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06273-6 · Cited by 30
Profiling third-level student mental health: findings from My World Survey 2
Mahon, C., Fitzgerald, A., O’Reilly, A., & Dooley, B. A. (2022) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2021.85 · Cited by 16
“…policies endorsing equity of access to higher education, and the putative role of diversification in the growth of student mental health issues (Said et al ., 2013; Hill et al ., 2020), it is important to document mental health across cohorts, so that service provision can accurately address…”
A cross-sectional analysis of psychological distress among higher education students in Ireland
Cullinan, J., Walsh, S., Flannery, D. J., & Kennelly, B. (2022) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2022.2 · Cited by 15
“Also using the PHQ, Said et al .”
Factors Associated with Engagement in University Life, and Help Seeking Attitudes and Behaviour in First Year Undergraduate Students
Gulliver, A., Wysoke, T., Calear, A. L., & Farrer, L. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010120 · Cited by 15
Correlation of Physical Activity to Mental Health State and Grade Point Average Among Medical Students in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Alnofaiey, Y. H., Atallah, H. M., Alrawqi, M. K., Alghamdi, H., Almalki, M. G., Almaleky, J. S., & Almalki, K. F. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.40253 · Cited by 13
“Evidence also suggests that first-year undergraduates are more prone than final-year graduate or postgraduate students to suffer from some forms of depression [33].”
Background
Chinese international students’ conceptualizations of wellbeing: A prototype analysis
Huang, L., Kern, M. L., & Oades, L. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.939576 · Cited by 14
“Young adulthood at the tertiary education level is a critical period of transition that often brings dramatic changes, including risk of mental illness (Cvetkovski et al., 2012; McAuliffe et al., 2012; Said et al., 2013; Furber et al., 2015), with increased risk for international students (ForbesMewett and Sawyer, 201…”
Background
Does poverty impact student academic outcomes and wellbeing in Australian universities? A systematic review
Brownfield, N. R., Thielking, M., Bates, G. W., & Morrison, F. P. (2020) · Journal of Social Inclusion · doi:10.36251/josi192 · Cited by 14
Comparing the mental health and wellbeing of domestic and international tertiary students
Xiong, W., Radünz, M., Ali, K., King, D. L., Kyrios, M., Zhao, Y., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2024) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v14i4.6647 · Cited by 15
“…can play a significant role in their mental health outcomes: studies in Australia and the UK showed that university students from low socioeconomic backgrounds and those with financial difficulties were more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and stress (Mori, 2000; Said et al., 2012).”
Background
Engineering professor perceptions of undergraduate engineering student stress
Sanders, J., Johnson, E., Mirabelli, J. F., Kunze, A. J., Vohra, S., & Jensen, K. (2024) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2024.2373754 · Cited by 16
“…2023; Kim and Kim 2023; Wulandari et al. 2023), Europe (e.g. Dodd et al. 2021; March-Amengual et al. 2022; Rückert 2015), South America (e.g. Flores et al. 2021; Flores et al. 2021; Savio, Galantini, and Pachas 2022), and Australia (e.g. Browne, Munro, and Cass 2017; Said, Kypri, and Bowman 2013).”
Development of the Uni Virtual Clinic: an online programme for improving the mental health of university students
Farrer, L. M., Gulliver, A., Katruss, N., Bennett, K., Bennett, A., Ali, K., & Griffiths, K. M. (2020) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2020.1729341 · Cited by 19
The association between carotenoid intake, mental health, and sleep quality among university students
Boozari, B., Moradi, S., Heydarpour, F., Clark, C. C. T., Nezamoleslami, S., Saneei, P., & Safavi, S. M. (2021) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-021-02420-1 · Cited by 13
Neuroróżnorodność na polskich uczelniach. Doświadczenia osób studiujących: w spektrum autyzmu, z ADHD i z dysleksją
Pisula, E., Płatos, M., Banasiak, A., Danielewicz, D., Gosztyła, T., Podgórska-Jachnik, D., Pyszkowska, A., Rumińska, A., & Winczura, B. (2024) · Oficyna Wydawnicza "Impuls" eBooks · doi:10.62634/9788382943139 · Cited by 13
Moderated moderation modelling of subjective social status, pocket money and depressive symptoms of university students in Ghana
Quansah, F., Srem‐Sai, M., Agormedah, E. K., Ankomah, F., Hagan, J. E., & Schack, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1325441 · Cited by 12
“University students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds tend to have poorer mental health than students from higher socio-economic status backgrounds (14, 15, 106–109).”
Background
Cross-Sectional Analysis of University Students’ Health Using a Digitised Health Survey
Spinazze, P., Kasteleyn, M. J., Aardoom, J. J., Car, J., & Chavannes, N. H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093009 · Cited by 12
“Causes for distress can include academic and financial pressure associated with an increased workload, pressure to perform, student loans, leaving home, and the establishment of new social networks [7].”
Background
Mental health first aid by Australian tertiary staff: Application rates, modes, content, and outcomes
Carpini, J. A., Chandra, J., Lin, J., Teo, R., Truong, N., Boyne, E., Wylde, T. J., Clifford, R. M., & Ashoorian, D. M. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13072 · Cited by 15
Application of group smoothly clipped absolute deviation method in identifying correlates of psychiatric distress among college students
Arayeshgari, M., Tapak, L., Roshanaei, G., Poorolajal, J., & Ghaleiha, A. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02591-3 · Cited by 13
Instrumental Support and Its Impact on Psychological Capital and Well-Being in Online Learning: A Study of Hospitality and Tourism Students
Huang, S., Matthews, M., Liang, L. J., & Choi, H. C. (2023) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2023.1410127 · Cited by 12
Blinded by bodies: Elevated eating disorder symptomatology is associated with increased attentional priority for thin bodies
Berrisford-Thompson, J., Sayers, S., Bell, J., Dondzilo, L., & Kennedy, B. L. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.09.003 · Cited by 11
Where might pedagogic research focus to support students’ education in a REF-TEF world
Kneale, P. E. (2018) · Journal of Geography in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03098265.2018.1460807 · Cited by 11
Psychiatric disorders and associated risky behaviors among Iranian university students: results from the Iranian PDABs survey
Ahmadpoor, J., Mohammadi, Y., Soltanian, A. R., & Poorolajal, J. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01229-8 · Cited by 12
A First Class Measure: Evidence for a Comprehensive Social Class Scale in Higher Education Populations
Evans, O., McGuffog, R., Gendi, M., & Rubin, M. (2022) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-022-09693-9 · Cited by 17
“Based on existing research, we expected to find that higher social class was significantly correlated with mental and physical health (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 2007; Rubin et al., 2016; Said et al., 2013) and sleep (e.”
Method

Authors: Said, D., Kypri, K., & Bowman, J.
Affiliations: University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
Corresponding author: Kypri, Kypros
ORCID: Said, David
Kypri, Kypros
Bowman, Jenny
Venue: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-09-04
Volume: 48
Issue: 6
Pages: 935-944
ISSN: 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
1433-9285
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-012-0574-x
OpenAlex: W2059835495
Semantic Scholar: 94d7a98e2b164875870f5a069b0afa4bfb1e6a47
Cited by: 170
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 7.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Health and Medical Research Council
National Medical Research Council
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
Keywords: student mental health, university students, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, hazardous drinking, risk factors, low socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, gender differences, international students, parental education, Australia
MeSH terms: Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Australia, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Students, Universities, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Logistic Models, Internet

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Risk factors for mental disorder among university students in Australia: findings from a web-based cross-sectional survey

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