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Cited by 215Mental Health Treatment and AccessSchizophrenia research and treatmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Long-term effects of mental disorders on educational attainment in the National Comorbidity Survey ten-year follow-up

Open access
Mojtabai, Ramin, Stuart, Elizabeth A., Hwang, Irving, Eaton, William W., Sampson, Nancy, Kessler, Ronald C.·2015·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
DOI 10.1007/s00127-015-1083-5PMC PMC4964966
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Abstract

PurposeThe study sought to examine the association of mental disorders with educational attainment in a community sample.MethodsData were from 5001 respondents aged 15–54 in the 1990–1992 National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), re-interviewed in the 2001–2003 NCS follow-up (NCS-2). Discrete-time survival analysis was used to examine the association of disorders present at baseline (NCS) or having first onset after the baseline (assessed in NCS-2) with educational outcomes among 3954 eligible respondents. Mental disorders were categorized into internalizing fear disorders (simple phobia, social phobia, panic disorder with/without agoraphobia and agoraphobia without panic disorder), internalizing anxiety-misery disorders (major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder), externalizing disorders (alcohol and drug use disorders, conduct disorder) and bipolar disorder. Analyses were conducted separately in students and non-students at baseline.ResultsAmong students, baseline bipolar and externalizing disorders, as well as fear, anxiety-misery and externalizing disorders with onset after baseline were associated with lower odds of high school graduation; baseline anxiety-misery disorders with lower odds of going to college; and baseline externalizing disorders and bipolar disorder with onset after baseline with lower odds of college graduation. Among non-students, baseline fear disorders were associated with lower odds of high school graduation and bipolar disorder with lower odds of going to college. Assuming that the regression coefficients represent causal effects, mental disorders accounted for 5.8–11.0 % of high school and 3.2–11.4 % of college non-completion.ConclusionsExpanding access to mental health services for youth might have a net positive societal value by helping to prevent some of these adverse educational outcomes.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Using prospective National Comorbidity Survey panel data, this study finds modest associations between mental disorders and lower subsequent educational attainment, with effects generally stronger among students than non-students. Assuming causal effects, mental disorders accounted for 5.8–11.0% of high school non-completion and 3.2–11.4% of college non-completion.

Key findings

  • Across 48 regression models, 9 coefficients were statistically significant, all showing decreased odds of educational transitions; significant odds ratios ranged from .17 to .61.
  • Among students, baseline bipolar and externalizing disorders, and post-baseline fear, anxiety-misery, and externalizing disorders were associated with lower odds of high school graduation; baseline anxiety-misery disorders with lower odds of going to college; and baseline externalizing disorders and post-baseline bipolar disorder with lower odds of college graduation.
  • Among non-students, baseline fear disorders were associated with lower odds of high school graduation and baseline bipolar disorder with lower odds of going to college.
  • Population attributable risk proportions were 5.8–11.0% for high school non-completion and 3.2–11.4% for college non-completion; the largest were 11.4% for college graduation among students and 11.0% for high school graduation among non-students.

Methods

  • Data came from 5,001 respondents aged 15–54 in the 1990–1992 National Comorbidity Survey re-interviewed in the 2001–2003 NCS follow-up; analyses used 3,954 eligible respondents and weighted data.
  • Mental disorders were grouped into internalizing fear, internalizing anxiety-misery, externalizing, and bipolar disorder categories, assessed at baseline and for first onset after baseline; outcomes were high school graduation, going to college, and college graduation, analyzed separately among students and non-students at baseline.
  • Discrete-time survival analysis with sociodemographic controls and childhood adversities was used, with Taylor series methods in SUDAAN and simulation-based population attributable risk proportions.

Limitations

  • The paper states that individual disorder samples were too small, requiring disorder grouping and producing large confidence intervals for some odds ratios; results need replication in larger samples.
  • The paper states that disorders assessed were incomplete—excluding psychotic disorders, ADHD, personality disorders, and subthreshold disorders—so the estimated effect is likely an underestimate, and residual confounding limits causal inference.
  • The paper also notes no assessment of student performance or GPA and that education was measured as completed years of schooling rather than level achieved; the text makes evident that causal interpretation depends on the assumption that survival regression coefficients represent causal effects.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00127-015-1083-5

Cites

68 of 68 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 44 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Among T1 non-students, baseline bipolar disorder was associated with lower odds of going to college.

    “bipolar disorder with lower odds of going to college”
    • Also stated in: § Associations of mental disorders with educational attainment · plain
      “T1 lifetime bipolar disorder was associated with lower odds of going to college”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The associations of T1 lifetime disorders with educational outcomes were for the most part not affected by controlling for childhood adversities.

    “The associations of T1 lifetime disorders with educational outcomes were for the most part not affected by controlling for childhood adversities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Childhood adversities were not associated with educational outcomes at a statistically significant level in any of the models.

    “Furthermore, childhood adversities were not associated with educational outcomes at a statistically significant level in any of the models (data not shown).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In the model adjusting for all disorder groups, the association of lifetime anxiety-misery disorders with high school graduation was significantly larger than one (AOR=1.97, 95% CI=1.14-3.38).

    “Similarly, in the model adjusting for all disorder groups, the association of lifetime anxiety-misery disorders with high school graduation was significantly larger than one (AOR=1.97, 95% CI=1.14–3.38)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Among T1 non-students, baseline fear disorders were associated with lower odds of high school graduation.

    “Among non-students, baseline fear disorders were associated with lower odds of high school graduation”
    • Also stated in: § Associations of mental disorders with educational attainment · plain
      “while T1 lifetime fear disorders were associated with lower odds of graduating from high school”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • May combine two claims. 13
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 27

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    In the model adjusting for all disorder groups, the adjusted odds ratio for the association of bipolar disorder with high school graduation among T1 students was significantly larger than one (AOR=6.75, 95% CI=1.09-41.83).

    “However, the adjusted odds ratios for the association of bipolar disorder with high school graduation among T1 students was significantly larger than one (AOR=6.75, 95% CI=1.09–41.83).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Assuming that the regression coefficients represent causal effects, mental disorders accounted for 5.8-11.0% of high school non-completion and 3.2-11.4% of college non-completion.

    “Assuming that the regression coefficients represent causal effects, mental disorders accounted for 5.8–11.0% of high school and 3.2–11.4% of college non-completion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The survival regression coefficients accurately represent causal effects of mental disorders.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The largest PARPs were for graduating from college (11.4%) among T1 students and for graduating from high school among T1 non-students (11.0%).

    “The largest PARPs were for graduating from college (11.4%) among T1 students and for graduating from high school among T1 non-students (11.0%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Social phobia was the most common disorder in the fear disorders category.

    “Social phobia was the most common disorder in this category.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Seven of the 9 statistically significant associations in Table 2 were in the student group even though the non-student subsamples were larger in size.

    “Seven of the 9 statistically significant associations in Table 2 were in the student group even though the non-student subsamples were larger in size.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Depression was the most common disorder in the category of internalizing anxiety-misery disorders in the present study.

    “which was the most common disorder in the category of internalizing anxiety-misery disorders in the present study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Alcohol disorders were the most common disorders in the externalizing category.

    “with alcohol disorders being the most common disorders in this category”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The conditional response rate for NCS-2 was 87.6%.

    “A total of 5,463 cases were successfully resolved (166 deceased, 5,001 re-interviewed), for a conditional response rate of 87.6%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The Part II sample was weighted to adjust for differential probabilities of selection and for discrepancies between the sample and the Census population on a wide range of socio-demographic and geographic variables.

    “The Part II sample was weighted to adjust for differential probabilities of selection and for discrepancies between the sample and the Census population on a wide range of socio-demographic and geographic variables.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Blinded clinical reappraisal interviews documented generally good concordance between diagnoses based on the CIDI and independent diagnoses based on blinded clinical reappraisal interviews.

    “Blinded clinical reappraisal interviews administered to a probability sub-sample of respondents using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R [30] in the NCS and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) [31] in the NCS-2 documented generally good concordance between diagnoses based on the CIDI and independent diagnoses based on blinded clinical reappraisal interviews [32,33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] Kessler RC, Wittchen HU, Abelson JM, Mcgonagle K, Schwarz N, Kendler KS, Knäuper B, Zhao S (1998) Methodological studies of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in the US national comorbidity survey (NCS). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 7(1):33–55 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Haro JM, Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S, Brugha TS, de Girolamo G, Guyer ME, Jin R, Lepine JP, Mazzi F, Reneses B, Vilagut G, Sampson NA, Kessler RC (2006) Concordance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 15(4):167–180 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The baseline NCS response rate was 82.4%.

    “The response rate was 82.4%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The percentage of baseline respondents interviewed in both surveys was 72.2%.

    “The percentage of baseline respondents interviewed in both surveys was 72.2% (0.876 × 0.824).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    NCS-2 respondents were significantly more likely to be female, well-educated, and residents of rural areas than other baseline NCS respondents.

    “Relative to other baseline NCS respondents, those who were successfully followed up and re-interviewed in NCS-2 were significantly more likely to be female, well-educated, and residents of rural areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Analyses were based on weighted data.

    “Analyses are based on these weighted data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Much of the past research on the impact of mental disorders on educational attainment has focused on depression.

    “Much of the past research on the impact of mental disorders on educational attainment has focused on depression [38,22,7,8,21]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [38] Eisenberg D, Chung H (2012) Adequacy of depression treatment among college students in the United States. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 34(3):213–220 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ (2002) Mental health, educational, and social role outcomes of adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(3):225 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Fletcher JM (2008) Adolescent depression: diagnosis, treatment, and educational attainment. Health Econ 17(11):1215–1235 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Fletcher JM (2010) Adolescent depression and educational attainment: results using sibling fixed effects. Health Econ 19(7):855–871 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Jonsson U, Goodman A, von Knorring A-L, von Knorring L, Koupil I (2012) School performance and hospital admission due to unipolar depression: a three-generational study of social causation and social selection. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47(10):1695–1706 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Years of schooling is not a perfect measure of educational attainment because some individuals may have been held back in the same level for 1 year or longer.

    “Years of schooling is not a perfect measure of educational attainment as some individual may have been held back in the same level for 1 year or longer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The mental disorders assessed in the NCS were incomplete and did not include psychotic disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or personality disorders.

    “Second, the mental disorders assessed in the NCS were incomplete and did not include psychotic disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or personality disorders”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study had a longitudinal design with excellent follow-up.

    “This study had several strengths including a relatively large sample size, longitudinal design with excellent follow-up, and the use of structured interview instruments at two time points.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Even where resources are available, many students do not access them because of stigma, low mental health literacy or because of not knowing about available resources.

    “Even where these resources are available, many students do not access them because of stigma, low mental health literacy or because of not knowing about available resources [53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Eisenberg D, Golberstein E, Gollust SE (2007) Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Med Care 45(7):594–601 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study had a relatively large sample size.

    “This study had several strengths including a relatively large sample size, longitudinal design with excellent follow-up, and the use of structured interview instruments at two time points.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The finding with regard to disorders other than externalizing disorders perhaps highlights the greater ability of older students to cope with the effects of mental illness.

    “the finding with regard to other disorders perhaps highlights the greater ability of older students to cope with the effects of mental illness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Poor educational performance is a major contributor to school drop-out as well as a risk factor for mental disorders.

    “poor educational performance is a major contributor to school drop-out as well as a risk factor for mental disorders [44,45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [44] Chassin L (1984) Adolescent substance use and abuse. Adv Child Behav Anal Ther 3:99–152

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [45] Rosenberg M, Schooler C, Schoenbach C (1989) Self-esteem and adolescent problems: modeling reciprocal effects. Am Sociol Rev 54:1004–1018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study used structured interview instruments at two time points.

    “This study had several strengths including a relatively large sample size, longitudinal design with excellent follow-up, and the use of structured interview instruments at two time points.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Despite the large sample size, the number of respondents with individual mental disorders was too small to provide reliable estimates, requiring the study to combine individual disorders into groups.

    “First, despite the large sample size of the study, the number of respondents with individual mental disorders was too small to provide reliable estimates, requiring us to combine individual disorders into groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Student performance and grade point averages could have been affected by mental disorders.

    “both of which could have been affected by mental disorders”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the WMH study, PARP estimates ranged from 0 to 11.37 for non-completion of high school, −0.05 to 4.65 for non-entry into college, and 0 to 2.64 for non-completion of college.

    “in which PARP estimates ranged from 0 to 11.37 for non-completion of high school, −0.05 to 4.65 for non-entry into college, and 0 to 2.64 for non-completion of college [10]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Lee S, Tsang A, Breslau J, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Angermeyer M, Borges G, Bromet E, Bruffaerts R, de Girolamo G, Fayyad J, Gureje O, Haro JM, Kawakami N, Levinson D, Oakley Browne MA, Ormel J, Posada-Villa J, Williams DR, Kessler RC (2009) Mental disorders and termination of education in high-income and low- and middle-income countries: epidemiological study. Br J Psychiatry 194(5):411–417 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Previously published cross-sectional analyses of the baseline NCS concluded that lifetime mental disorders account for 14.2% of high school drop-out and 4.7% of college drop-out in the US.

    “Previously published cross-sectional analyses of the baseline NCS used retrospective age-of-onset reports to estimate associations of lifetime mental disorders with subsequent educational attainment, concluding that these disorders account for 14.2% of high school drop-out and 4.7% of college drop-out in the US [14].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Kessler RC, Foster CL, Saunders WB, Stang PE (1995) Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, I: educational attainment. Am J Psychiatry 152(7):1026–1032 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The excellent follow-up rate was made possible by the use of exhaustive tracing procedures developed by SRC over the years in conjunction with their landmark long-term panel surveys.

    “The excellent follow-up rate was made possible by the use of exhaustive tracing procedures developed by SRC over the years in conjunction with their landmark long-term panel surveys (e.g., Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the Health and Retirement Study).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Treatment of mental health conditions in children and adolescents has increased in the years since early 2000s when the NCS-2 was conducted.

    “Treatment of mental health conditions in children and adolescents has increased in the years since early 2000s when the NCS-2 was conducted [56].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] Olfson M, Blanco C, Wang S, Laje G, Correll CU (2014) National trends in the mental health care of children, adolescents, and adults by office-based physicians. JAMA Psychiatry 71(1):81–90 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Research on treatment and prevention programs for child and adolescent mental disorders has produced promising results regarding the impact on education.

    “Research on treatment and prevention programs for child and adolescent mental disorders has produced promising results regarding the impact on education [46–51].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [46] Sinclair MF, Christenson SL, Elevo DL, Hurley CM (1998) Dropout prevention for youth with disabilities: efficacy of a sustained school engagement procedure. Except Child 65:7–21 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Balfanz R, Herzog L, Mac Iver DJ (2007) Preventing student disengagement and keeping students on the graduation path in urban middle-grades schools: early identification and effective interventions. Educ Psychol 42(4):223–235 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] Hawken LS, Horner RH (2003) Evaluation of a targeted intervention within a schoolwide system of behavior support. J Behav Educ 12(3):225–240 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [49] Prevatt F, Kelly FD (2003) Dropping out of school: a review of intervention programs. J Sch Psychol 41(5):377–395 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Wilson SJ, Tanner-Smith EE, Lipsey MW, Steinka-Fry K, Morrison J (2011) Dropout prevention and intervention programs: effects on school completion and dropout among school-aged children and youth. campbell systematic reviews. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED519121.pdf source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Chung H, Klein MC, Silverman D, Corson-Rikert J, Davidson E, Ellis P, Kasnakian C (2011) A pilot for improving depression care on college campuses: results of the College Breakthrough Series-Depression (CBS-D) Project. J Am Coll Health 59(7):628–639 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is a large unmet need for mental health care among both high school and college students.

    “As a result, there is a large unmet need for mental health care among both high school and college students [38,54,55].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [38] Eisenberg D, Chung H (2012) Adequacy of depression treatment among college students in the United States. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 34(3):213–220 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [54] Hunt J, Eisenberg D (2010) Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. J Adolesc Health 46(1):3–10 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55] Said D, Kypri K, Bowman J (2013) Risk factors for mental disorder among university students in Australia: findings from a web-based cross-sectional survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 48(6):935–944 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Many schools lack adequate resources to effectively identify youth at risk or means to implement evidence-based prevention and treatment programs.

    “However, many schools lack adequate resources to effectively identify youth at risk or means to implement evidence-based prevention and treatment programs [52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Langley AK, Nadeem E, Kataoka SH, Stein BD, Jaycox LH (2010) Evidence-based mental health programs in schools: barriers and facilitators of successful implementation. Sch Mental Health 2(3):105–113 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Even after aggregating disorders into groups, samples for some groups were rather small for the analyses, resulting in very large confidence intervals for some of the odds ratios.

    “Even after aggregating disorders in groups, samples for some groups were rather small for the analyses, resulting in very large confidence intervals for the some of the odds ratios.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The WMH study found very large associations for substance disorders with non-completion of primary education.

    “an outcome for which the WMH study found very large associations for substance disorders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The discrepancy between T2 retrospective and T1 lifetime disorder associations might reflect recall bias.

    “This discrepancy might reflect recall bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Social and economic changes in the past decade, and especially the economic crisis of 2007, likely impacted financial access to education.

    “Social and economic changes in the past decade, and especially the economic crisis of 2007 all likely impacted financial access to education [58,59].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [58] Pan W, Ost B (2014) The impact of parental layoff on higher education investment. Econ Educ Rev 42:53–63 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [59] Greenglass E, Antonides G, Christandl F, Foster G, Katter JK, Kaufman BE, Lea SE (2014) The financial crisis and its effects: perspectives from economics and psychology. J Behav Exp Econ 50:10–12 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A 2010 study by Heckman and Lafontaine found a steady decline in the high school graduation rates in the US since 1970s.

    “Yet, a 2010 study by Heckman and Lafontaine found a steady decline in the high school graduation rates in the US since 1970s [57].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] Heckman JJ, LaFontaine PA (2010) The American high school graduation rate: trends and levels. Rev Econ Stat 92(2):244–262 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other social and institutional factors such as the quality of school programs and the ability of these programs to meet student needs have been shown to be associated with school completion.

    “Other social and institutional factors such as the quality of school programs and the ability of these programs to meet the student needs have also been shown to be associated with school completion [60]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] Rumberger R, Lim SA (2008) Why students drop out of school: a review of 25 years of research. Santa Barbara, CA: California Dropout Research Project. http://cdrp.ucsb.edu/dropouts/pubs_reports.htm

      Not checked in the free run.

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  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The survival regression coefficients accurately represent causal effects of mental disorders.

    “based on the assumption that the survival regression coefficients accurately represent causal effects of these disorders.”
    “Assuming that the regression coefficients represent causal effects”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The associations of mental disorders with return to schooling among individuals who experienced a disruption in education have not been examined previously.

    “The associations of mental disorders with return to schooling among individuals who experienced a disruption in education have not been examined previously.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Psychotic disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and personality disorders likely impact educational attainment.

    “which likely impact educational attainment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Social adversities besides those measured in NCS, childhood physical health conditions, and socio-economic status not captured by the breadwinner’s education may influence both the risk of mental disorders and educational outcomes.

    “For example, social adversities besides the ones measured in NCS, childhood physical health conditions and socio-economic status not captured by the breadwinner’s education may all influence both the risk of mental disorders as well as educational outcomes.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Abstract adds a post-baseline disorder association not reported in Results

    Minor

    The abstract says externalizing disorders with onset after baseline were associated with lower odds of high school graduation among students. The detailed Results identify only fear and anxiety-misery disorders with onset after baseline for that outcome.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. First MB, Spitzer, RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW (2002) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition (SCID-I/NP). Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute: New York
  2. Research Triangle Institute (2004) SUDAAN Professional Software for Survey Data Analysis, 9.0. Research Triangle Institute, NC

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Authors
Mojtabai, R., Stuart, E. A., Hwang, I., Eaton, W. W., Sampson, N., & Kessler, R. C.
Affiliations
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Mojtabai, Ramin
ORCID
Venue
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-06-17
Volume
50
Issue
10
Pages
1577-1591
ISSN
  • 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
  • 1433-9285
DOI
10.1007/s00127-015-1083-5
PMC
PMC4964966
OpenAlex
W639695655
Semantic Scholar
dec412e67e2b2dfebafe8d7a67815acfed54f6fc
Cited by
215
References
65
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
FWCI
24.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
  • Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01‐MH070884, R01MH046376, R01MH096826, R01‐MH069864)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016558, R01DA012058)
  • Fogarty International Center (R03TW006481)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords
mental illness, educational attainment, high school graduation, college completion, bipolar disorder, externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders, fear disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, conduct disorder, access to mental health care, youth, National Comorbidity Survey
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Educational Status, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Comorbidity, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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