Cited by 322Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Causal inference and longitudinal data: a case study of religion and mental health

VanderWeele, Tyler J., Jackson, John W., Li, Shanshan·2016·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

DOI 10.1007/s00127-016-1281-9

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose We provide an introduction to causal inference with longitudinal data and discuss the complexities of analysis and interpretation when exposures can vary over time. Methods We consider what types of causal questions can be addressed with the standard regression-based analyses and what types of covariate control and control for the prior values of outcome and exposure must be made to reason about causal effects. We also consider newer classes of causal models, including marginal structural models, that can assess questions of the joint effects of time-varying exposures and can take into account feedback between the exposure and outcome over time. Such feedback renders cross-sectional data ineffective for drawing inferences about causation. Results The challenges are illustrated by analyses concerning potential effects of religious service attendance on depression, in which there may in fact be effects in both directions with service attendance preventing the subsequent depression, but depression itself leading to lower levels of the subsequent religious service attendance. Conclusions Longitudinal designs, with careful control for prior exposures, outcomes, and confounders, and suitable methodology, will strengthen research on mental health, religion and health, and in the biomedical and social sciences generally.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00127-016-1281-9

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
ROSENBAUM, P. R., & RUBIN, D. B. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41 · Cited by 31,241
Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference
Pearl, J. (2009) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803161 · Cited by 11,653
Marginal Structural Models and Causal Inference in Epidemiology
Robins, J. M., Hernán, M. Á., & Brumback, B. (2000) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200009000-00011 · Cited by 5,581
A generalization of sampling without replacement from a finite universe
Horvitz, D. G., & Thompson, D. J. (1952) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1952.10483446 · Cited by 4,293
Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction
Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. B. (2015) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139025751 · Cited by 4,210
Handbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2004) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200405000-00015 · Cited by 3,262
Constructing Inverse Probability Weights for Marginal Structural Models
Cole, S. R., & Hernan, M. A. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn164 · Cited by 2,796
Observational Studies
Rosenbaum, P. R. (2002) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3692-2 · Cited by 2,543
A New Approach To Causal Inference in Mortality Studies With a Sustained Exposure Period - Application To Control of the Healthy Worker Survivor Effect
Robins, J. (1986) · Mathematical Modelling · doi:10.1016/0270-0255(86)90088-6 · Cited by 2,451
Marginal Structural Models to Estimate the Causal Effect of Zidovudine on the Survival of HIV-Positive Men
Hernán, M. Á., Brumback, B., & Robins, J. M. (2000) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200009000-00012 · Cited by 1,772

Show all 48 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL (2008) Modern epidemiology, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 322

Religious Service Attendance, Divorce, and Remarriage Among U.S. WomenPreprint
Li, S., Kubzansky, L. D., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2891385 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Adjusting for baseline measurements of the mediators and outcome as a first step toward eliminating confounding biases in mediation analysisPreprint
Loh, W. W., & Ren, D. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s387m · Cited by 3
Quantifying Potential Selection Bias in Observational Research: Simulations and Analyses Exploring Religion and Depression Using a Prospective UK Cohort Study (ALSPAC)Preprint
Morgan, J., & Major‐Smith, D. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9y3tz · Cited by 3
Religion and Spirituality as Relevant Dimensions in Psychiatric Patients—From Research to Practice
Pfeifer, S. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13090841 · Cited by 4
Putative risk and resiliency factors after an augmented training program for preventing posttraumatic stress injuries among public safety personnel from diverse sectors
Khoury, J. M. B., Teckchandani, T. A., Nisbet, J., Stewart, S. H., Asmundson, G. J. G., Afifi, T. O., McCarron, M. C. E., Krätzig, G. P., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Neary, J. P., et al. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2420636 · Cited by 4
Methods Using Propensity Scores to Estimate Causal Effects in Observational Longitudinal Studies
Twabi, H. S., & Manda, S. (2025) · Emerging topics in statistics and biostatistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97281-2_13 · Cited by 2
Watching Sexually Explicit Movies and TV Shows During Adolescence is Associated with Porn Use in Adulthood
de la Rosa, P. A., García‐Manglano, J., Haworth, B., & Sádaba, C. (2026) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-026-01290-0 · Cited by 2
Marginal structural models for multilevel clustered data
Wu, Y., Langworthy, B., & Wang, M. (2022) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxac027 · Cited by 2
From Context to Perception to Behavior: Predicting Delinquency With the Parental Support-Perceived Parental Competence Cross-Lag
Walters, G. D. (2022) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x221126194 · Cited by 4
A marginal structural model for estimation of the effect of HIV positivity awareness on risky sexual behavior
Twabi, H. S., Manda, S., Small, D. S., & Kohler, H. (2022) · Biostatistics & Epidemiology · doi:10.1080/24709360.2023.2171537 · Cited by 2
Psychological Well-Being and Positive Emotions
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0012 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
TAILR (Nursing-Sensitive Events and Their Association With Individual Nurse Staffing Levels) Project: Protocol for an International Longitudinal Multicenter Study
Bachnick, S., Unbeck, M., Shad, M. A., Falta, K., Grossmann, N., Holle, D., Bartáková, J., Musy, S. N., Hellberg, S., Dillner, P., et al. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/56262 · Cited by 2
Examining the causal effects of exposure to violence on crime among youth involved in the justice system: Experienced, witnessed, and experienced–witnessed violence
Guo, S., Liu, J., & Pak, A. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12932 · Cited by 2
Asking—and answering—causal questions using longitudinal data
Quintana, R. (2024) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-024-01875-0 · Cited by 4
Longitudinal Trajectories of Maternal Stress for Mothers with Intellectual Disabilities and Borderline Intellectual Functioning: Evidence from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study
Zeng, W., Heyman, M., Jerome, S. J., Davis, M. L., & Akobirshoev, I. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06732-z · Cited by 2
Understanding Well-Being in Poland: Insights from the Global Flourishing Study
Węziak‐Białowolska, D., Zalewska, A. M., Kryś, K., Case, B. W., Lomas, T., Padgett, R. N., Johnson, B. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2025) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v15i3.5175 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Demographic and socioeconomic predictors of religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours in a prospective cohort study (ALSPAC) in Southwest England: Results from the offspring generation
Major‐Smith, D., Morgan, J., Halstead, I. N., Tohidinik, H. R., Goulding, N., Iles‐Caven, Y., Golding, J., & Northstone, K. (2022) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18517.1 · Cited by 2
Demographic and socioeconomic predictors of religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours in a prospective cohort study (ALSPAC) in Southwest England: Results from the offspring generation
Major‐Smith, D., Morgan, J., Halstead, I. N., Tohidinik, H. R., Goulding, N., Iles‐Caven, Y., Golding, J., & Northstone, K. (2023) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18517.2 · Cited by 2
Religiousness and Symptoms of Depression in Native and Immigrant Chronic Dialysis Patients in the Netherlands
Haverkamp, G. L. G., Braam, A. W., Loosman, W. L., van den Beukel, T. O., van Diepen, M., Dekker, F. W., Siegert, C. E. H., & Honig, A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-019-09625-3 · Cited by 2
A Multilevel Structural Equation Model for the Interrelationships Between Multiple Latent Dimensions of Childhood Socio-Economic Circumstances, Partnership Transitions and Mid-Life Health
Zhu, Y., Steele, F., & Moustaki, I. (2020) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/rssa.12554 · Cited by 2
Stress Hormones
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0025 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0010 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Marital and Family Stability
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0014 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Social Support
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0015 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Demographic and socioeconomic predictors of religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours in a prospective cohort study (ALSPAC) in Southwest England: Results from the offspring generation
Major‐Smith, D., Morgan, J., Halstead, I. N., Tohidinik, H. R., Goulding, N., Iles‐Caven, Y., Golding, J., & Northstone, K. (2024) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18517.3 · Cited by 1
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on wellbeing up to 2.5 years from its outbreak in Switzerland
Gondek, D., Voorpostel, M., Mira, N. S., & Mehmeti, T. (2025) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaf107 · Cited by 1
Longitudinal changes in estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of cardiovascular disease among adults with cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome stages 0–3: a nationwide prospective cohort study
Zhang, X., Zeng, R., Wu, Z., Xiao, Y., Wang, S., Zeng, Y., Fan, T., Wu, H., Huang, K., Zhu, W., et al. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-03286-9 · Cited by 1
Racial and ethnic differences in the risks for mathematics and science difficulties during elementary school
Morgan, P. L., & Hu, E. H. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102859 · Cited by 1
Interpersonal conflicts, social media use and depression associated with protests
Shi, J., Leung, C. M. C., Chen, R., Xiao, X., Flores, F. P., Ning, K., Ma, T. S. W., Wong, S. B. K., Wong, C. S. M., Kim, Y., et al. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-04145-0 · Cited by 1
Association of Screen Time With Physical and Mental Health in University Students: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Wu, G., Eades, C. E., & Hoyle, L. P. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/93848 · Cited by 1
Parental Religion and Spirituality in Early Childhood Development: An Exploratory Narrative Overview of Longitudinal Evidence
Henry, J., Long, K. N. G., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2026) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-026-02743-x · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Religion und Spiritualität als relevante Dimension bei psychiatrischen Patienten
Pfeifer, S. (2022) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1924-0976 · Cited by 1
Prediction of Youth Violence Perpetration by Parental Nurturing Over Time
Cheung, C., & Yeung, J. W. K. (2023) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x231176019 · Cited by 1
Demographic and socioeconomic predictors of religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours in a prospective cohort study (ALSPAC) in Southwest England: Results from the parental generation
Major‐Smith, D., Morgan, J., Halstead, I. N., Tohidinik, H. R., Iles‐Caven, Y., Golding, J., & Northstone, K. (2023) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17897.3 · Cited by 1
Mortality
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0027 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Anxiety
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0008 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Public Health and Human Flourishing
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0032 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Understanding the Religion–Physical Health Relationship
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0031 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Cigarette Smoking
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0017 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Bipolar Disorder
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
From awareness of correctional services to accepting ex-prisoners among the public
Cheung, C., & Chui, W. H. (2024) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2024.2334902 · Cited by 1
The relationship between depressive symptoms and coping style on asthma outcomes in older adults
Greenfield, N., Wysocki, M., Arcoleo, K. J., Rodriguez, J., Jariwala, S. P., Busse, P. J., Federman, A. D., Wisnivesky, J. P., & Feldman, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-024-00538-7 · Cited by 1
Racial and ethnic differences in the risks for reading difficulties across elementary school
Morgan, P. L., & Hu, E. H. (2025) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2025.101504 · Cited by 3
The Initiative on Health, Religion and Spirituality at Harvard: From Research to Education
VanderWeele, T. J., Balboni, M. J., & Balboni, T. A. (2018) · Religion, spirituality and health: a social scientific approach · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73966-3_21 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
The Road Not Taken: Fostering Research on the Psychology of Religiosity and Spirituality via Underused Representative, Open-Access Datasets (ROADs)
Scott, M. J., Johnson, K. A., Okun, M. A., & Cohen, A. B. (2019) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2019.1596000 · Cited by 1
Bayesian analysis of longitudinal studies with treatment by indication
Mozer, R., & Glickman, M. E. (2022) · Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology · doi:10.1007/s10742-022-00295-7 · Cited by 1
Methodological Diversity in Positive Psychology and the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality
Tsang, J.-A. C., Al‐Kire, R. L., Davis, E. B., Alwood, H. D., & Rowatt, W. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_8 · Cited by 1
Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to ‘Religiousness and depressive symptoms in Europeans: findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe’
Ahrenfeldt, L. J., Hvidt, N. C., Opsahl, T., & Möller, S. (2020) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.025 · Cited by 1
Copyright Page
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0003 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Individual differences and climate beliefs and behaviours: Results from a longitudinal UK birth cohortPreprint
Freminot, K., Major-Smith, K., Northstone, K., Halstead, I. N., & Major‐Smith, D. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/cdqbu · Cited by 1
Questions Answered, Questions That Remain
Koenig, H. G. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811282-3.00009-4
Traumatic Health Shocks and Spiritual Capital
Cesur, R., Freidman, T., & Sabia, J. J. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24954
Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to ‘Religiousness and depressive symptoms in Europeans: findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe’
Herreweghe, L. V., & Lancker, W. V. (2020) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.027
Changes in Triglyceride-glucose Index Predict the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in the General Population: a Prospective Cohort StudyPreprint
Wang, A., Tian, X., Zuo, Y., Chen, S., Meng, X., Wu, S., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-375689/v1
The Epidemiology of Depressive Disorders and Service Use in China: Findings from the China Mental Health SurveyPreprint
Lü, J., Xu, X., Huang, Y., Li, T., Ma, C., Xu, G., Yin, H., Xu, X., Ma, Y., Wang, L., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3797577
Self-citation
Association of long-term triglyceride-glucose index level and change with the risk of cardiometabolic diseasesPreprint
Xu, W., Zhao, H., Gao, L., Guo, L., Liu, J., Sun, J., Xing, A., Chen, S., Wu, S., & Wu, Y. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2303461/v1
The ties that bind: mediating the connection between perceived parental support/monitoring and perceived peer delinquency with two forms of antisocial cognition
Walters, G. D., Runell, L., & Kremser, J. (2023) · Criminal Justice Studies · doi:10.1080/1478601x.2023.2182778
Applying Bradford Hill to assessing causality in systematic reviews: a transparent approach using process tracingPreprint
Shimonovich, M., Thomson, H., Pearce, A., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9wjs5
Is a gender-morality or gender-control gap responsible for male-female differences in delinquency? cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
Walters, G. (2023) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2023.2248972
Summary and Conclusions
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0034
Self-citation
Hypertension
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0021
Self-citation
Suicide
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0007
Self-citation
Depression
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Chronic Pain
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0029
Self-citation
Preface
Levin, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0007
Health Policy Implications
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0033
Self-citation
Introduction
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0009
Self-citation
Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0023
Self-citation
Immune Function
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0024
Self-citation
Heart Disease
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0020
Self-citation
Cancer
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0026
Self-citation
Disease Prevention, Detection, and Treatment
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0030 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Diet and Weight
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0019
Self-citation
Dedication
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0004
Self-citation
Personality Traits and Disorders
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0011
Self-citation
Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0009
Self-citation
Coping with Stress
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0004
Self-citation
Exercise
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0018
Self-citation
Research Design
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0003 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Delinquency and Crime
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0013
Self-citation
Foreword
Koh, H. K. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0006
Physical Disability
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0028
Self-citation
Cerebrovascular Disease
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0022
Self-citation
Studies on Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.005.0001
Self-citation
Exploring bidirectional causality between religion and mental health: A longitudinal study using data from the parental generation of a UK birth cohort (ALSPAC)Preprint
Major‐Smith, D., Morgan, J., Halstead, I. N., & Golding, J. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/32qx8
The association between post-injury chronic physical health conditions, health status, and survival time in people with serious orthopaedic injuries
Gelaw, A. Y., Gabbe, B. J., Arnup, S. J., Reeder, S. C., Fitzgerald, M., Lyons, R. A., Ponsford, J. L., Collie, A., Christie, N., Nunn, A. K., et al. (2024) · Trauma · doi:10.1177/14604086231216180
Integrating Hill’s classical considerations with modern causal inference methods in observational studies: a ‘How-Questions’ framework
Banegas, J. R., Laguna, J. M., Caballero, F. F., Guallar‐Castillón, P., López‐García, E., Graciani, A., Cabanas‐Sánchez, V., Damián, J., Ortolá, R., Royo‐Bordonada, M. Á., et al. (2024) · Epidemiologic Methods · doi:10.1515/em-2023-0015
Dementia and depression
van Gennip, A. C. E. (2024) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20241010ag
Binge drinking and subsequent health and well-being among middle-aged Spanish adults: An outcome-wide analysis
Pérez-Araluce, R., Bes‐Rastrollo, M., Gea, A., Martínez‐González, M. Á., VanderWeele, T. J., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108209
Self-citation
Robust phylogenetic tree-based microbiome association test using repeatedly measured data for composition bias
Kim, K., & Won, S. (2025) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-024-06002-2
Causal Inference in Presence of Intra‐Patient Correlation due to Repeated Measurements of Exposure and Outcome in Longitudinal Settings
Gavoille, A., Rollot, F., Casey, R., Vukusic, S., Rabilloud, M., & Subtil, F. (2025) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.70037
Empirical Research
Pusdekar, Y. V., Dani, A. P., Pusdekar, V., & Deshmukh, V. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38971-9_876-1
The use of Mendelian randomization to explore the causal consequences of childhood maltreatment: consideration of assumptions and challengesPreprint
Sum, K. K., Hughes, A., Havdahl, A., Smith, G. D., & Howe, L. D. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.25338214
Causality: Complex, Multidirectional
Yamini, P., Dani, A. P., & Vishwajit, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38971-9_95-1
Exploring potential bidirectional causality between psychotic experiences and religiosity in a UK longitudinal cohort study (ALSPAC)
Obo, G., Golding, J., Zammit, S., Jones, H. J., Halstead, I. N., & Major‐Smith, D. (2025) · Peer Community Journal · doi:10.24072/pcjournal.654
Additional file 4 of Repeated measurements of serum urate and mortality: a prospective cohort study of 152,358 individuals over 8 years of follow-up
Li, S., Cui, L., Cheng, J., Shu, R., Chen, S., Nguyen, U., Misra, D., Wu, S., & Gao, X. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12133761
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of Change in triglyceride-glucose index predicts the risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population: a prospective cohort study
Wang, A., Tian, X., Zuo, Y., Chen, S., Meng, X., Wu, S., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14684502
Additional file 4 of Association of depressive symptoms and risk of knee pain: the moderating effect of sex
Hu, H., Liu, W., Liu, Y., Pan, J., & Zheng, X. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15058080
Additional file 5 of Repeated measurements of serum urate and mortality: a prospective cohort study of 152,358 individuals over 8 years of follow-up
Li, S., Cui, L., Cheng, J., Shu, R., Chen, S., Nguyen, U., Misra, D., Wu, S., & Gao, X. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12133770
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of Association of depressive symptoms and risk of knee pain: the moderating effect of sex
Hu, H., Liu, W., Liu, Y., Pan, J., & Zheng, X. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15058071

Authors: VanderWeele, T. J., Jackson, J. W., & Li, S.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: VanderWeele, Tyler J.
ORCID: VanderWeele, Tyler J.
Jackson, John W.
Li, Shanshan
Venue: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2016-09-08
Volume: 51
Issue: 11
Pages: 1457-1466
ISSN: 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
1433-9285
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1281-9
OpenAlex: W2510473071
Cited by: 322
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 3
FWCI: 2.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: John Templeton Foundation (52125)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES017876)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords: causal inference, longitudinal data, time-varying exposure, marginal structural models, religious service attendance, depression, religion and mental health, confounding adjustment, causal effects
MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Mental Health, Religion, Research Design

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Causal inference and longitudinal data: a case study of religion and mental health

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks