Empathy and AI: cognitive empathy or emotional (affective) empathy?
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AI-powered chatbots or virtual assistants can reach out to patients autonomously between clinical visits.
“For example, AI-powered chatbots or virtual assistants can reach out to patients autonomously between clinical visits, detect early indicators of anxiety or depression, and escalate concerns so nurses can intervene proactively and efficiently.13,14”
From Empathic and agentic artificial intelligence in nursing: perspectives on a human-centered framework for cancer care navigation in the United States of America (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
In the paper’s main text (page not available), Gill discusses robotic assistants in healthcare and patient homes, and machine algorithms used to monitor patients. It does not say that chatbots or virtual assistants autonomously contact patients between clinical visits. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAI-powered chatbots or virtual assistants can detect early indicators of anxiety or depression.
“For example, AI-powered chatbots or virtual assistants can reach out to patients autonomously between clinical visits, detect early indicators of anxiety or depression, and escalate concerns so nurses can intervene proactively and efficiently.13,14”
From Empathic and agentic artificial intelligence in nursing: perspectives on a human-centered framework for cancer care navigation in the United States of America (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
The main text discusses AI applications in psychotherapy and says cognitive empathy can recognize emotions from expressions, but it does not say chatbots or virtual assistants detect early indicators of anxiety or depression. Searches for that claim and for mental-health screening or detection found no supporting passage; the indexed copy is not truncated. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAI-powered chatbots or virtual assistants can escalate concerns so nurses can intervene proactively and efficiently.
“For example, AI-powered chatbots or virtual assistants can reach out to patients autonomously between clinical visits, detect early indicators of anxiety or depression, and escalate concerns so nurses can intervene proactively and efficiently.13,14”
From Empathic and agentic artificial intelligence in nursing: perspectives on a human-centered framework for cancer care navigation in the United States of America (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
The paper’s section “Empathy and AI: cognitive empathy or emotional (affective) empathy?” discusses algorithms gathering patient data and freeing nurses from administrative tasks. It does not say that chatbots or virtual assistants escalate concerns to nurses for proactive intervention; searches for escalation and patient-monitoring alerts found no such passage. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cites
In principle obstacles for empathic AI: why we can’t replace human empathy in healthcare
Montemayor, C., Halpern, J., & Fairweather, A. (2022) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01230-z · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Jeffrey, D. I. (2016) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076816680120 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Overthrowing barriers to empathy in healthcare: empathy in the age of the Internet
Howick, J., & Rees, S. (2017) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076817714443 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Clarifying empathy: the first step to more humane clinical care
Jeffrey, D. I. (2016) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp16x683761 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Sorted by citations
Girdwood, T., Kheirinejad, S., Kheirkhah, P., White, B., Davis, R., Schwartz, D., & Shaban-Nejad, A. (2026) · ESMO Real World Data and Digital Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.esmorw.2026.100694 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Governance and the Role of the Digital Behavioral Health Expert
Noguera, J. J. M. (2025) · SpringerBriefs in public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94763-6_5
Tauber, S. (2025) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02594-2
Who's the teacher now? Human-centered teaching in a digital worldPreprint
Coelho, J. V. (2025) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.175502699.93328599/v1
Gill, S. P. (2026) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-026-02992-0
Self-citationVonschallen, S., Häusler, R., Schmiedel, T., & Eyssel, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1810725
Human Interaction Influences the Adoption of Robotics and Autonomous Agentic AI Systems
Khun, J. L. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-7355-3.ch012
Vonschallen, S., Häuser, R., Schmiedel, T., & Eyssel, F. (2026) · Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences) · doi:10.21256/zhaw-36347
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Building Serious Creative Intelligence in Business Executives: The Games We Play
de Villiers, R., & Dennett, P. (2026) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-22039-4_4
'Can AI Care?': Emotional Tone Analysis and Perceived Empathy in AI-Generated Health Advice
Irfan, M., Kärkkäinen, T., & Correia, A. (2026) · International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (ICHORA) · doi:10.1109/ichora69329.2026.11537121
DockTales: Empathic and Reflective mHealth Design for Chronic Pain and Sleep Disturbance
Colloca, G., Han, A., Rezwana, J., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-30549-7_4
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Artificial Emotional Intelligence
Chen, A., & Ciriello, R. (2026) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-026-01026-9
- Authors
- Gill, S. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gill, Satinder P.
- Venue
- AI & SOCIETY
- Published
- 2024-11-13
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2641-2642
- ISSN
- 0951-5666 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-5655
- OpenAlex
- W4404310415
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 3
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- AI & Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Psychiatry, Mental Health, Neuroscience
- Keywords
- empathy, artificial intelligence, cognitive empathy, affective empathy, human-AI interaction, emotional understanding
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