Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC
Open accessAbstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide worldwide. It is a broad spectrum herbicide and its agricultural uses increased considerably after the development of glyphosate-resistant genetically modified (GM) varieties. Since glyphosate was introduced in 1974, all regulatory assessments have established that glyphosate has low hazard potential to mammals, however, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded in March 2015 that it is probably carcinogenic. The IARC conclusion was not confirmed by the EU assessment or the recent joint WHO/FAO evaluation, both using additional evidence. Glyphosate is not the first topic of disagreement between IARC and regulatory evaluations, but has received greater attention. This review presents the scientific basis of the glyphosate health assessment conducted within the European Union (EU) renewal process, and explains the differences in the carcinogenicity assessment with IARC. Use of different data sets, particularly on long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity in rodents, could partially explain the divergent views; but methodological differences in the evaluation of the available evidence have been identified. The EU assessment did not identify a carcinogenicity hazard, revised the toxicological profile proposing new toxicological reference values, and conducted a risk assessment for some representatives uses. Two complementary exposure assessments, human-biomonitoring and food-residues-monitoring, suggests that actual exposure levels are below these reference values and do not represent a public concern.
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Some glyphosate formulations have antibacterial properties.
“Glyphosate, the most commonly used herbicide (Cuhra et al., 2016), inhibits microbial enzymes (5enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase), and some glyphosate formulations do have antibacterial properties (Tarazona et al., 2017).”
From Gut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions (2019) · cites this paper as Tarazona et al., 2017
Glyphosate inhibits the microbial enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase.
“Glyphosate, the most commonly used herbicide (Cuhra et al., 2016), inhibits microbial enzymes (5enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase), and some glyphosate formulations do have antibacterial properties (Tarazona et al., 2017).”
From Gut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions (2019) · cites this paper as Tarazona et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Tarazona, J. V., Court-Marques, D., Tiramani, M., Reich, H., Pfeil, R., Istace, F., & Crivellente, F.
- Affiliations
- European Food Safety Authority (IT)
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) (DE)
- Venue
- Archives of Toxicology
- Published
- 2017-04-03
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2723-2743
- ISSN
- 0340-5761 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0738
- PMC
- PMC5515989
- OpenAlex
- W2604431924
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 4.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Toxicology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Keywords
- glyphosate, herbicides, carcinogenicity, IARC classification, regulatory toxicology, toxicological reference values, human biomonitoring, food residues, genetically modified crops, glyphosate-resistant crops, exposure assessment
- MeSH terms
- Glyphosate, Animals, Carcinogens, Environmental Monitoring, European Union, Glycine, Herbicides, Humans, International Agencies, Reference Values, Rodentia, Time Factors, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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