Pesticide extraction from table grapes and plums using ionic liquid based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

The first application of IL-DLLME for extraction of pesticides from matrices other than water was by Ravelo-Pérez et al. [38,50] for fruit extracts (bananas, grapes, plums) using HPLC-DAD.

“The first application of IL-DLLME for the extraction of pesticides from matrices other than water was recently developed by Ravelo-Pe ´rez et al . [38,50] for the extraction of fruit extracts (bananas [38], and grapes and plums [50]) using HPLC-DAD for the chromatographic analysis.”

For IL-DLLME of pesticides, a relatively small number of works has been published, especially in recent years.

“Regarding IL-DLLME of pesticides, a relatively small number of works has come out, especially in recent years [13-16,32,38,47,50].”

In Ravelo-Pérez et al. [50], the method was extended to grapes and plums, with mean recoveries of 64-100% for table grapes and 58-105% for plums, and LODs below EU MRLs.

“The second of these works [50] extended the application of the method for the extraction of the same group of pesticides from grapes and plums. Mean recovery values were 64-100% for table grapes and 58-105% for plums, with LODs very close to the previous ones, also below EU MRLs.”

In both Ravelo-Pérez et al. works [38,50], the method was applied to commercial fruit samples, where pesticide residues were found in some but always below MRLs.

“In both works, the method was also applied to the analysis of commercial fruit samples, in which residues of pesticides could be found in some, but always below their MRLs.”

IL-DLLME has a drawback of a wide peak at the beginning of the chromatogram corresponding to the IL.

“As can be seen, at the beginning of the chromatogram, there appeared a wide peak, corresponding to the IL - one of the main drawbacks of using IL-DLLME, as already reported [14-19,32,38,47,50,65-67] -although, in this case, it did not interfere at all in the separation.”