The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Developmental Abnormalities in Horseshoe Crab Embryos Caused by Exposure to Heavy Metals
Abstract
We examined the effects of heavy metals on the development of horseshoe crabs using bioassays in which embryos at different stages were exposed either continuously or for 24 h. Abnormalities included segment-defective embryos, double embryos, embryos with abnormal eye areas, and no-posterior embryos. In terms of their ability to affect normal development, the pollutants are ranked as follows: Hg >== organotin > Cr falling dots Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn. Organotin treatment was associated with a high frequency of abnormal eye embryos and Hg with segment-defective embryos. The specific cause of segment-defective malformations by Hg was investigated by using SH inhibitors and cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of microfilaments. These inhibitors induced Hg-type segment-defective embryos; thus, Hg may also act by inhibiting SH-SS exchange and blocking morphogenetic movements. Horseshoe crab embryos from Delaware Bay and Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey, were examined for developmental abnormalities. Malformed embryos were extremely rare (<0.6%) at five beaches along Delaware Bay as well as Sandy Hook Bay, suggesting that these horseshoe crab spawning areas are relatively unpolluted by heavy metals.
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In the citing paper
“The effect of heavy metal pollution in the spawning ground on the horseshoe crabs' larvae during the early stage of development was previously reported by Itow et al., (1998).”
From HORSESHOE CRAB AND ITS SPAWNING GROUND CONDITION IN JOHOR LAMA, JOHOR (2022) · cites this paper as Itow et al., (1998)
In the citing paper
“According to Itow et al., (1998) who studied the effect of heavy metals on the horseshoe crab embryonic development, Zn exposure could lead to double embryo (conjoined twin) abnormality on horseshoe crab larvae.”
From HORSESHOE CRAB AND ITS SPAWNING GROUND CONDITION IN JOHOR LAMA, JOHOR (2022) · cites this paper as Itow et al., (1998)
Citations
Cites
Botton, M. L., Loveland, R. E., & Jacobsen, T. R. (1994) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · doi:10.1093/auk/111.3.605 · Cited by 166
Self-citationVecchione, M., Lippson, A. J., & Lippson, R. L. (1984) · Estuaries · doi:10.2307/1352147 · Cited by 35
Itow, T., & Sekiguchi, K. (1980) · Biological Bulletin · doi:10.2307/1540859 · Cited by 33
Self-citationWall, R. W. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511574542 · Cited by 16
Cited by
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Bayen, S. (2012) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.07.008 · Cited by 438
Toxicity of mercury: Molecular evidence
Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Luo, Z., Guo, S., & Strähle, U. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125586 · Cited by 434
Developmental toxicity of plastic leachates on the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus
Rendell-Bhatti, F., Paganos, P., Pouch, A., Mitchell, C., D’Aniello, S., Godley, B. J., Pazdro, K., Arnone, M. I., & Jiménez-Guri, E. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115744 · Cited by 94
Present and Potential Future Distributions of Asian Horseshoe Crabs Determine Areas for Conservation
Vestbo, S., Obst, M., Fernandez, F. Q., Intanai, I., & Funch, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00164 · Cited by 91
Nelson, B. R., Satyanarayana, B., Zhong, J. M. H., Shaharom, F., Sukumaran, M., & Chatterji, A. K. (2015) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.08.003 · Cited by 66
Metadata
- Authors
- Itow, T., Loveland, R. E., & Botton, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Shizuoka University (JP)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- ORCID
- Botton, M. L.
- Venue
- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
- Published
- 1998-07-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-40
- ISSN
- 0090-4341 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0703
- OpenAlex
- W2015106612
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Mercury impact and mitigation studies
- Keywords
- heavy metal toxicity, developmental abnormalities, organotin compounds, mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, ocular malformations, cytochalasin B, morphogenetic movements, embryonic malformations, Delaware Bay
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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Developmental Abnormalities in Horseshoe Crab Embryos Caused by Exposure to Heavy Metals. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/s002449900345
- The paper
- Itow, T., Loveland, R. E., & Botton, M. L. (1998). Developmental Abnormalities in Horseshoe Crab Embryos Caused by Exposure to Heavy Metals. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900345
