Metabolic pathway of 3,6-anhydro-d-galactose in carrageenan-degrading microorganisms
Abstract
Complete hydrolysis of κ-carrageenan produces two sugars, D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose (D-AnG). At present, however, we do not know how carrageenan-degrading microorganisms metabolize D-AnG. In this study, we investigated the metabolic pathway of D-AnG degradation by comparative genomic analysis of Cellulophaga lytica LIM-21, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica T6c, and Epulopiscium sp. N.t. morphotype B, which represent the classes Flavobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Clostridia, respectively. In this bioinformatic analysis, we found candidate common genes that were believed to be involved in D-AnG metabolism. We then experimentally confirmed the enzymatic function of each gene product in the D-AnG cluster. In all three microorganisms, D-AnG metabolizing genes were clustered and organized in operon-like arrangements, which we named as the dan operon (3,6-d-anhydro-galactose). Combining bioinformatic analysis and experimental data, we showed that D-AnG is metabolized to pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate via four enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the following route: 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose → 3,6-anhydro-D-galactonate → 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-galactonate (D-KDGal) → 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-galactonate → pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The pathway of D-AnG degradation is composed of two parts: transformation of D-AnG to D-KDGal using two D-AnG specific enzymes and breakdown of D-KDGal to two glycolysis intermediates using two DeLey-Doudoroff pathway enzymes. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the metabolic pathway of D-AnG degradation.
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The enzymatic hydrolysis of agarose and carrageenan produces the non-fermentable sugars l-AnG and d-AnG, respectively.
“In addition to galactose, the enzymatic hydrolysis of agarose and carrageenan produces the non-fermentable sugars, 3,6-anhydrol-galactose (l-AnG) and 3,6-anhydro-d-galactose (d-AnG), respectively.”
From The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol (2016) · cites this paper as Lee et al., 2016
Metabolic pathways for l-AnG and d-AnG are only common in agar- and carrageenan-degrading microorganisms, where they are converted to d-KDPGal through six and four enzyme-catalyzed reactions, respectively.
“Metabolic pathways for l-AnG and d-AnG are only common in agar-and carrageenan-degrading microorganisms.In these organisms, l-AnG and d-AnG are converted to 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phospho-d-galactonate (d-KDPGal) through six and four enzyme-catalyzed reactions, respectively [see Figure 5 in Lee et al. (2014Lee et al. ( , 2016))].”
From The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol (2016) · cites this paper as Lee et al., 2016
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The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol
Al Abdallah, Q., Nixon, B. T., & Fortwendel, J. R. (2016) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2016.00036 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lee, S. B., Kim, J. A., & Lim, H. S.
- Affiliations
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Sun Bok
- ORCID
- Kim, Jeong Ah
- Venue
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
- Published
- 2016-02-15
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4109-4121
- ISSN
- 0175-7598 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0614
- OpenAlex
- W2275029241
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2024: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 3.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- POSCO
- Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (2015 Establishment of GEM, No. H2001-13-1001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Enzyme Production and Characterization
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
- Keywords
- carrageenan degradation, Cellulophaga lytica, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, pyruvate, D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, carbohydrate catabolism, operon organization
- MeSH terms
- Clostridiales, Eubacteriales, Biotransformation, Carrageenan, Galactose, Multigene Family, Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate, Operon, Pyruvic Acid, Computational Biology, Pseudoalteromonas, Flavobacteriaceae, Metabolic Networks and Pathways
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