Moral issues in workplace health promotion
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: There is debate to what extent employers are entitled to interfere with the lifestyle and health of their workers. In this context, little information is available on the opinion of employees. Within the framework of a workplace health promotion (WHP) program, moral considerations among workers were investigated. METHODS: Employees from five companies were invited to participate in a WHP program. Both participants (n = 513) and non-participants (n = 205) in the program filled in a questionnaire on individual characteristics, lifestyle, health, and opinions regarding WHP. RESULTS: Nineteen percent of the non-participants did not participate in the WHP program because they prefer to arrange it themselves, and 13% (also) preferred to keep private life and work separate. More participants (87%) than non-participants (77%) agreed with the statement that it is good that employers try to improve employees' health (χ(2) = 12.78, p = 0.002), and 26% of the non-participants and 21% of the participants think employer interference with their health is a violation of their privacy. Employees aged 50 year and older were more likely to agree with the latter statement than younger workers (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.02-2.39). CONCLUSION: This study showed that most employees support the importance of WHP, but in a modest group of employees, moral considerations may play a role in their decision whether or not to participate in WHP. Older workers were more likely to resist employer interference with their health. Therefore, special attention on such moral considerations may be needed in the communication, design, and implementation of workplace health promotion programs.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Employees frequently prefer to choose their own activities.
“Mobile apps may even include certain private activities, e.g., personal jogging programmes, which can be effective, as employees frequently prefer to choose their own activities [65, 70, 73].”
From Advantages and disadvantages of mobile applications for workplace health promotion: A scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
The Abstract Results and “Why do employees not participate in workplace health promotion?” report that 19% of non-participants preferred to arrange a lifestyle-promotion program themselves. That supports a preference for self-arrangement among some employees, but not the broader claim that employees frequently prefer to choose their own activities. The copy describes this as a modest group and does not address choosing specific activities. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMobile apps may include certain private activities, e.g., personal jogging programmes, which can be effective.
“Mobile apps may even include certain private activities, e.g., personal jogging programmes, which can be effective, as employees frequently prefer to choose their own activities [65, 70, 73].”
From Advantages and disadvantages of mobile applications for workplace health promotion: A scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
The section “Why do employees not participate in workplace health promotion?” (page unavailable) reports that 19% of non-participants preferred to arrange a lifestyle-promotion programme themselves. This supports a preference for self-directed activities among some employees, but not the broader claim that employees frequently prefer them. The paper does not establish that mobile apps include personal jogging programmes or that such programmes are effective. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587 · see citing works
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity
CRAIG, C. L., MARSHALL, A. L., SJ??STR??M, M., BAUMAN, A. E., BOOTH, M. L., AINSWORTH, B. E., PRATT, M., EKELUND, U., YNGVE, A., SALLIS, J. F., et al. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000078924.61453.fb · Cited by 21,619 · see citing works
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392 · see citing works
Planning health promotion programs an intervention mapping approach
Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., Kok, G., & Gottlieb, N. (2006) · Cited by 2,038 · see citing works
Determinants of participation in worksite health promotion programmes: a systematic review
Robroek, S. J., van Lenthe, F. J., van Empelen, P., & Burdorf, A. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-6-26 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Self-citationAustralia: the healthiest country by 2020
Moodie, R. (2008) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02189.x · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Groeneveld, I. F., Proper, K. I., van der Beek, A. J., Hildebrandt, V. H., & van Mechelen, W. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.2891 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Planning Health Promotion Programs
Hicking-Woodison, L. (2017) · Nursing Management · doi:10.7748/nm.24.7.21.s24 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Workplace Health Protection and Promotion through Participatory Ergonomics: An Integrated Approach
Henning, R. A., Warren, N. D., Robertson, M. M., Faghri, P. D., & Cherniack, M. C. (2009) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549091244s104 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Pronk, N. P. (2009) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.6.s2.s220 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Process Evaluation of an Integrated Health Promotion/Occupational Health Model in WellWorks-2
Hunt, M. K., Lederman, R. I., Stoddard, A. M., LaMontagne, A. D., McLellan, D. L., Combe, C., Barbeau, E. M., & Sorensen, G. (2005) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198104264216 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Evaluation of a participatory ergonomic intervention aimed at improving musculoskeletal health
Rivilis, I., Cole, D. C., Frazer, M. B., Kerr, M., Wells, R. P., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2006) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.20382 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ethical dilemmas in workplace health promotion
Allegrante, J. P., & Sloan, R. P. (1986) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(86)90050-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Robroek, S. J., Bredt, F. J., & Burdorf, A. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-259 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of an occupational health promotion program on subsequent illness and mortality experience
Ott, M. G., Yong, M., Zober, A., et al. (2010) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-010-0521-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Health Risk Reduction Programs in Employer-Sponsored Health Plans: Part II—Law and Ethics
Rothstein, M. A., & Harrell, H. L. (2009) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3181b05435 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Workplace health promotion: the right idea in the wrong place
Gordon, J. (1987) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/2.1.69 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Integrated preventive care coverage effectiveness in high-risk worksites in Mexico
Núñez‐Rocha, G. M., Salinas-Martı́nez, A. M., Hernandez, S. A., & Elizondo, M. E. G. (2010) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-010-0550-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rasmussen, C. D. N., Larsen, A. K., Holtermann, A., Søgaard, K., & Jørgensen, M. B. (2014) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-60 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bensa, K., & Širok, K. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032757 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Advantages and disadvantages of mobile applications for workplace health promotion: A scoping review
Junker, M., Böhm, M., & Krcmar, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296212 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Use of workplace health promotion apps: Analysis of employee log data
Billmann, M., Böhm, M., & Krcmar, H. (2020) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.06.003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Economic evaluations of workplace mental health interventions: a critical review
Nogues, S., & Finucan, J. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1502 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Robroek, S. J. W., van de Vathorst, S., Hilhorst, M. T., & Burdorf, A.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Burdorf, Alex
- Venue
- International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Published
- 2011-06-28
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 327-331
- ISSN
- 0340-0131 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1246
- PMC
- PMC3299975
- OpenAlex
- W2011922239
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- ZonMw (62300039)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Public Health Policies and Education
- Keywords
- workplace health promotion, employee attitudes, moral considerations, privacy, lifestyle, older workers, work-life separation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Environmental Health, Female, Health Policy, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Morals, Occupational Health Services, Surveys and Questionnaires, Workplace, Privacy, Disclosure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review