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Cited by 60Emotion and Mood RecognitionHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlVoice and Speech Disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Non-linear function model of voice pitch dependency on physical and mental load.

Johannes, Bernd, Wittels, Peter, Enne, Robert, Eisinger, Günter, Castro, Carl A., Thomas, Jeffrey L., Adler, Amy B., Gerzer, Rupert·2007·European Journal of Applied Physiology
DOI 10.1007/s00421-007-0496-6
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Abstract

The present work describes that under increasing physical load the voice fundamental frequency (voice pitch) remains on a given level as long as the physical load is well tolerated by the subject, whereas heart rate and blood pressure continuously increase during increasing physical load. This voice pitch level was compared to voice pitch levels under mental load. Using a word recognition system, 11 well trained, young male subjects had to solve 2 moderate mental load tasks. Before, during and after each task, there were structured relaxation phases. The physical load protocol was a standard bicycle stress test. In each protocol phase the subjects had to count from 1 to 10 in order to provide a standardized speech sample. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded in all phases. Voice frequency was at average 106 +/- 5.2 Hz in the relaxation phases ('rest level') and was increased under mental load (115.9 +/- 5.7 Hz, Pillais-P = 0.037). During physical stress testing, voice pitch remained unchanged ('tolerated load level') between 100 and 200 W (117.4 +/- 4.8 Hz) and increased shortly before physical exhaustion ('exhaustion level', 275-350 W, 142.9 +/- 5.6 Hz, Pillais-P = 0.007). In contrast, heart rate and blood pressure increased continuously with the physical load. Three voice pitch levels could be verified also individually for each subject. For the practical monitoring of emotional stress the individual anchor frequencies for these levels must be assessed. These data indicate that the relationship between both types of load and voice pitch is non-linear with multiple plateaus and transition functions between them.

Overview

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Crossref · 10.1007/s00421-007-0496-6

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Johannes et al. (2007) found that the interaction between physical load and speech proceeded in multiple plateaus rather than in a linear format.

    “The interaction between physical load and speech proceeded in multiple plateaus rather than in a linear format.”

    From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Johannes et al. (2007)

  • In Johannes et al. (2007), there was no increase in F0 as long as physical load was well tolerated (workload between 100 and 200 W); F0 showed significant differences only at the pre-exhaustive stage and at the breakpoint of submaximal and maximal effort compared with rest-level and tolerated level.

    “Although significant increases in HR and systolic blood pressure (BP) were observed in relation with increasing physical workload, there was no increase in F0 as long as the physical load was well tolerated by the subjects (i.e., workload between 100 and 200 W). It was only at the pre-exhaustive stage and at the breakpoint of submaximal and maximal effort that F0 showed significant differences in”

    From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Johannes et al. (2007)

  • In Johannes et al. (2007), time pressure and problem solving tasks evoked significant increases in F0 comparable with those found in the same study during physical activity within a tolerable level.

    “Time pressure and problem solving tasks evoked significant increases in F0 comparable with those found in the same study during physical activity within a tolerable level.”

    From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Johannes et al. (2007)

  • Cognitive load does not seem to increase the F0-range.

    “Moreover, cognitive load does not seem to increase the F0-range (Mendoza and Carballo, 1998; Johannes et al., 2007; Huttunen et al., 2011).”

    From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Johannes et al., 2007

  • Physical load does not impact the voice as long as this load is well tolerated by the subjects.

    “However, physical load does not impact the voice as long as this load is well tolerated by the subjects (Mohler, 1982; Johannes et al., 2007).”

    From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Johannes et al., 2007

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Friedrich J, Vaic H (1978) Sprachanalyse in der Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin. Z Militärmed 6:259–262
  2. Nedkov R (1993) System for intelligent digital biosignal processing on space board. Aerosp Res Bulgaria 9:65–70
  3. Niwa S (1970) Changes of voice characteristics in urgent situations (1). Rep Aeromed Lab JASDF 11:51–58
  4. Scherer KR, Wallbott HG, Tolkmitt FJ, Bergmann G (1985) Die Streßreaktion: Physiologie und Verhalten. Hogrefe, Göttingen
  5. Utsuki N (1988) Vocal pitch change: loudness of voice and effects of oxygen mask. Rep Aeromed Lab 29:53–59
  6. Vaic H (1989) Zur Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Flugfaktoren auf Parameter der Sprache beim Flugfunkverkehr in der Luft- und Raumfahrt. Z Klin Med 20:1751–1754
  7. Vaic H, Friedrich J (1982) Der Einfluß von physischer und mental-konzentrativer Belastung auf die Grundfrequenz der Sprache von Operateuren. Ein Beitrag zur Sprachanalyse in der Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin. Z Militärmed 1:26–31
  8. Williams CE, Stevens KN (1969) On determining the emotional state of pilots during flight: an exploratory study. Aerosp Med 40:1369–1372

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Metadata

Authors
Johannes, B., Wittels, P., Enne, R., Eisinger, G., Castro, C. A., Thomas, J. L., Adler, A. B., & Gerzer, R.
Affiliations
  • Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
  • Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (US)
  • United States Army (US)
Corresponding author
Johannes, Bernd
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2007-06-07
Volume
101
Issue
3
Pages
267-276
ISSN
  • 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
  • 1439-6319
  • 1439-6327
DOI
10.1007/s00421-007-0496-6
OpenAlex
W2084104810
Cited by
57
References
20
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
FWCI
0.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Voice and Speech Disorders
Keywords
voice pitch, fundamental frequency, physical workload, mental workload, emotional stress, heart rate, blood pressure, stress monitoring, word recognition, speech analysis, physical fatigue
MeSH terms
Adult, Animals, Exercise Test, Humans, Male, Military Personnel, Stress, Psychological, Voice, Voice Quality, Exercise

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