Early-phase muscular adaptations in response to slow-speed versus traditional resistance-training regimens
Abstract
Thirty-four untrained women participated in a 6-week program to investigate slow-speed versus "normal" speed resistance-training protocols. Subjects were divided into: slow-speed (SS), normal-speed/traditional-strength (TS), normal-speed/traditional muscular endurance (TE), and non-exercising control (C) groups. Leg press, squats, and knee extensions were performed 2 days/week for the first week and 3 days/week for the remaining 5 weeks (~2 min rest). The SS group performed 6-10 repetitions maximum (6-10RM) for each set with 10 s concentric (con) and 4 s eccentric (ecc) contractions. The TS and TE groups performed sets of 6-10RM and 20-30RM, respectively, at "normal" speed (1-2 s/con and ecc contractions). TE and SS trained at the same relative intensity (~40-60% 1RM), whereas TS trained at ~80-85% 1RM. Pre- and post-training muscle biopsies were analyzed for fiber-type composition, cross-sectional area (CSA), and myosin heavy chain (MHC) content. The percentage of type IIX fibers decreased and IIAX increased in all three training groups. However, only TS showed an increase in percentage of type IIA fibers. CSA of fiber types I, IIA, and IIX increased in TS. In SS, only the CSA of IIA and IIX fibers increased. These changes were supported by MHC data. No significant changes for any parameters were found for the C group. In conclusion, slow-speed strength training induced a greater adaptive response compared to training with a similar resistance at "normal" speed. However, tra…
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Schuenke et al. (2012) differed from other included research by the inclusion of females as study participants; all other included studies utilized samples comprised exclusively of males.
“This study differed from other research by the inclusion of females as study participants. All other included studies utilized samples comprised exclusively of males.”
From The effects of low-load vs. high-load resistance training on muscle fiber hypertrophy: a meta-analysis. (2020) · cites this paper as Schuenke et al. (2012)
The SMD from Schuenke et al. (2012) in the type II analysis amounted to 1.01, which is substantially higher than the effects observed in other studies.
“Specifically, the SMD from this study amounted to 1.01, which is substantially higher than the effects observed in other studies.”
From The effects of low-load vs. high-load resistance training on muscle fiber hypertrophy: a meta-analysis. (2020) · cites this paper as Schuenke et al. (2012)
When Schuenke et al. (2012) was excluded from the type II analysis, the pooled estimate was reduced to 0.20 (95% CI: -0.18, 0.57; p = 0.310).
“When this study was excluded from the analysis, the pooled estimate was reduced to 0.20 (95% CI: –0.18, 0.57; p = 0.310).”
From The effects of low-load vs. high-load resistance training on muscle fiber hypertrophy: a meta-analysis. (2020) · cites this paper as Schuenke et al. (2012)
Two studies show greater hypertrophy in both type I and type II fibers when training with heavier loads.
“Interestingly, two studies actually show greater hypertrophy in both type I and type II fibers when training with heavier loads [19,75].”
From Loading recommendations for muscle strength, hypertrophy, and local endurance: a re-examination of the repetition continuum. (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
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- Authors
- Schuenke, M. D., Herman, J. R., Gliders, R. M., Hagerman, F. C., Hikida, R. S., Rana, S. R., Ragg, K. E., & Staron, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University of New England (US)
- Rocky Vista University (US)
- Ohio University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schuenke, Mark D.
- ORCID
- Herman, Jennifer R.
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Physiology
- Published
- 2012-02-12
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3585-3595
- ISSN
- 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-6319
- 1439-6327
- OpenAlex
- W2162652065
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- muscle fiber composition, cross-sectional area, myosin heavy chain, muscle hypertrophy, exercise intensity, eccentric contraction, untrained women, resistance training, muscular endurance training
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Female, Humans, Physical Endurance, Weight Lifting, Exercise, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Lower Extremity, Resistance Training
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