Sex and age differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Aim To examine the magnitude of sex differences in survival from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Europe across age groups and regions. We hypothesized that men have a higher mortality than women at any given age but that sex differences will decrease with age as only the healthiest men survive to older ages.Methods We used population data from the Institut National D'Études Démographiques on cumulative deaths due to COVID-19 from February to June 2020 in 10 European regions: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, The Netherlands, England and Wales, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal. For each region, we calculated cumulative mortality rates stratified by age and sex and corresponding relative risks for men vs. women.Results The relative risk of dying from COVID-19 was higher for men than for women in almost all age groups in all regions. The overall relative risk ranged from 1.11 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.01-1.23) in Portugal to 1.54 (95% CI 1.49-1.58) in France. In most regions, sex differences increased until the ages of 60-69 years, but decreased thereafter with the smallest sex difference at age 80+ years.Conclusion Despite variability in data collection and time coverage among regions, the study showed an overall similar pattern of sex differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Death rates from COVID-19 tend to be higher among males than females, with higher case-fatality rates among older age groups.
“Death rates from COVID-19 tend to be higher among males than females, with higher case-fatality rates among older age groups”
From Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life-expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China
Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2002032 · Cited by 30,246 · see citing works
Sex differences in immune responses
Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.90 · Cited by 6,370 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality
Jin, J., Bai, P., He, W. W., Wu, F., Liu, X., Han, D.-M., Liu, S., & Yang, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152 · Cited by 2,328 · see citing works
COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence
Vardavas, C. I., & Nikitara, K. (2020) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/119324 · Cited by 1,387 · see citing works
Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe
Gebhard, C., Regitz‐Zagrosek, V., Neuhauser, H. K., Morgan, R., & Klein, S. L. (2020) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9 · Cited by 1,306 · see citing works
Sex differences in autoimmune disease
Whitacre, C. C. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni0901-777 · Cited by 1,271 · see citing works
Men: good health and high mortality. Sex differences in health and aging
Oksuzyan, A., Juel, K., Vaupel, J. W., & Christensen, K. (2008) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324754 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Self-citationSex differences in morbidity and mortality
Case, A. C., & Paxson, C. H. (2005) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2005.0011 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Austad, S. N., & Fischer, K. E. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.019 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Gender differences in health: results from SHARE, ELSA and HRS
Crimmins, E. M., Kim, J. K., & Solé-Auró, A. (2010) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq022 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Do Men Have a Higher Case Fatality Rate of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome than Women Do?
KARLBERG, J. P. E. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh056 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
The International Journal of Public Health.
隋明爽, & 黄亚明 (1921) · PubMed · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Life expectancy: women now on top everywhere
Barford, A., Dorling, D., Smith, G., & Shaw, M. (2006) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7545.808 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Clinical Characteristics of Patients Who Died of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China
Xie, J., Tong, Z., Guan, X., Du, B., & Qiu, H. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5619 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Mortality From COVID-19 Pandemic
Sharma, G. V., Volgman, A. S., & Michos, E. D. (2020) · JACC Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.04.027 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics
Zarulli, V., Jones, J., Oksuzyan, A., Lindahl‐Jacobsen, R., Christensen, K., & Vaupel, J. W. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1701535115 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationSex difference in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abate, B. B., Kassie, A. M., Kassaw, M. W., Aragie, T. G., & Masresha, S. A. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040129 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Alghamdi, I., Hussain, I. I., Alghamdi, M. S., Almalki, S. S. R., Alghamdi, M., & El‐Sheemy, M. (2014) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s67061 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Clinical Advances in Sex- and Gender-Informed Medicine to Improve the Health of All
Bartz, D., Chitnis, T., Kaiser, U. B., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Rexrode, K. M., Pennell, P. B., Goldstein, J. M., O’Neal, M. A., LeBoff, M. S., Behn, M., et al. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.7194 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
A Geroscience Perspective on COVID-19 Mortality
Promislow, D. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa094 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Dudley, J. P., & Lee, N. T. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa354 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Emslie, C., Hunt, K., & MacIntyre, S. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00287-1 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Matsuyama, R., Nishiura, H., Kutsuna, S., Hayakawa, K., & Ohmagari, N. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3881-4 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Walters, V., McDonough, P., & Strohschein, L. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00117-4 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
SARS in Singapore – Predictors of Disease Severity
Leong, H. N., Earnest, A., Lim, H.-H., Chin, C. F., Tan, C. S., Puhaindran, M. E., Tan, A. C., Chen, M. I.-C., & Leo, Y. (2006) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v35n5p326 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Comorbidity and Frailty in Europe
Ahrenfeldt, L. J., Möller, S., Thinggaard, M., Christensen, K., & Lindahl‐Jacobsen, R. (2019) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-019-01270-9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationAhrenfeldt, L. J., Scheel-Hincke, L. L., Kjærgaard, S., Möller, S., Christensen, K., & Lindahl‐Jacobsen, R. (2018) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky266 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-dependent Gender Differences in COVID-19 in Mainland China: Comparative Study
Qian, J., Zhao, L., Ye, R., Li, X.-J., & Liu, Y. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa683 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Cross-national comparison of sex differences in ADL and IADL in Europe: findings from SHARE
Scheel-Hincke, L. L., Möller, S., Lindahl‐Jacobsen, R., Jeune, B., & Ahrenfeldt, L. J. (2019) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-019-00524-y · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationThe gendered impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): do estrogens play a role?
Grandi, G., Facchinetti, F., & Bitzer, J. (2020) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2020.1766017 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Salah, H. M., & Mehta, J. L. (2020) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/1074248420967792 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ahrenfeldt, L. J., Nielsen, C. R., Möller, S., Christensen, K., & Lindahl‐Jacobsen, R. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01537-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationAhrenfeldt, L. J., Nielsen, C. R., Möller, S., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-73657/v1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationRiahi, M., Mohammadi, A. A., Rohani, H., & Bidkhori, M. (2018) · Data in Brief · doi:10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.043 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Aburto, J. M., Schöley, J., Kashnitsky, I., Zhang, L., Rahal, C., Missov, T. I., Mills, M. C., Dowd, J. B., & Kashyap, R. (2022) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab207 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Ghobadi, H., Mohammadshahi, J., Javaheri, N., Fouladi, N., Mirzazadeh, Y., & Aslani, M. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.916453 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Sex‐based differences in severity and mortality in COVID‐19
Alwani, M. M., Yassin, A. A., Al‐Zoubi, R. M., Aboumarzouk, O. M., Nettleship, J. E., Kelly, D. M., Al-Qudimat, A. R., & Shabsigh, R. (2021) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2223 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Social inequalities and COVID-19 mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil
Ribeiro, K. B., Ribeiro, A. F., Veras, M. A. D. S. M., & de Castro, M. C. (2021) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab022 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Why Females Do Better: The X Chromosomal TLR7 Gene-Dose Effect in COVID-19
Spiering, A. E., & de Vries, T. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.756262 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Sex-differences in COVID-19 associated excess mortality is not exceptional for the COVID-19 pandemic
Nielsen, J. O., Nørgaard, S. K., Lanzieri, G., Vestergaard, L. S., & Moelbak, K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00213-w · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Wagner, C., Griesel, M., Mikołajewska, A., Metzendorf, M., Fischer, A.-L., Stegemann, M. S., Spagl, M., Nair, A. A., Daniel, J., Fichtner, F., et al. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014963.pub2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Predictors of continuance intention of online food delivery services: gender as moderator
Francioni, B., Curina, I., Hegner, S. M., & Cioppi, M. (2022) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-11-2021-0537 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Bauer, P., Brugger, J., König, F., & Posch, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97711-8 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Muhsen, K., Na’aminh, W., Lapidot, Y., Goren, S., Amir, Y., Perlman, S., Green, M. S., Chodick, G., & Cohen, D. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100130 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
COVID-19 mortality in women and men in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional study
Dalal, J., Triulzi, I., James, A., Nguimbis, B., Dri, G. G., Venkatasubramanian, A., Royd, L. N. T., Mesa, S. B., Somerville, C., Turchetti, G., et al. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007225 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ahrenfeldt, L. J., Nielsen, C. R., Möller, S., Christensen, K., & Lindahl‐Jacobsen, R. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01537-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, M. A., Burger, E. A., Castañón, A., de Kok, I. M. C. M., Hanley, S. J. B., Rebolj, M., Hall, M. T., Jansen, E. E. L., Killen, J., O'Farrell, X., et al. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106623 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Mortality in COVID-19 Infection
Stevens, J. S., Bogun, M. M., McMahon, D. J., Zucker, J. E., Kurlansky, P. A., Mohan, S., Yin, M. T., Nickolas, T. L., & Pajvani, U. B. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2021.101267 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Fonseca‐Rodríguez, O., Gustafsson, P. E., Sebastiån, M. S., & Connolly-Andersen, A.-M. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006247 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A population-based cohort study of sex and risk of severe outcomes in covid-19
Sieurin, J., Brandén, G., Magnusson, C., Hergens, M., & Kosidou, K. (2022) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-022-00919-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Vadakedath, S., Kandi, V., Mohapatra, R. K., Pinnelli, V. B. K., Yegurla, R. R., Shahapur, P. R., Godishala, V., Natesan, S. K. A., Vora, K. S., Sharun, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27081 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Meijs, D. A. M., van Bussel, B. C. T., Stessel, B., Mehagnoul-Schipper, J., Hana, A., Scheeren, C. I. E., Peters, S. A. E., van Mook, W., van der Horst, I. C. C., Marx, G., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04531-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dimka, J., van Doren, T. P., & Battles, H. T. (2022) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24517 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Identifying age- and sex-specific COVID-19 mortality trends over time in six countries
Torres, C., García, J., Meslé, F., Barbiéri, M., Bonnet, F., Camarda, C. G., Cambois, E., Caporali, A., Couppié, E., Poniakina, S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Steijvers, L. C., Brinkhues, S., van Tilburg, T. G., Hoebe, C. J. P. A., Stijnen, M., de Vries, N. K., Crutzen, R., & Dukers–Muijrers, N. H. T. M. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14500-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Unexpectedly lower mortality rates in COVID-19 patients with and without type 2 diabetes in Istanbul
Satman, İ., Demirci, İ., Haymana, C., Taşçı, İ., Salman, S., Ata, N., Dağdelen, S., Sahin, I., Emral, R., Çakal, E., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108753 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy in 27 countries
Huang, G., Guo, F., Zimmermann, K. F., Liu, L., Taksa, L., Cheng, Z., Tani, M., & Franklin, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35592-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Odacı, H., Kaya, F., & Aydın, F. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22766 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Early approval of COVID-19 vaccines: Pros and cons
Rahman, M. A., & Islam, M. S. (2021) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1944742 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Klein, B., Generous, N., Chinazzi, M., Bhadricha, Z., Gunashekar, R., Kori, P., Li, B., McCabe, S., Green, J., Lazer, D. M. J., et al. (2022) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000065 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Travis-Lumer, Y., Goldberg, Y., & Levine, S. Z. (2022) · Emerging Themes in Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s12982-022-00118-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE LETHAL CASES
Кіндратів, Е. О., Vasylyk, V. M., Matskevych, V. M., Костюк, В. М., Семченко, В., & Voronych, V. (2021) · Fìzìologìčnij žurnal · doi:10.15407/fz67.04.076 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gender differences in survival across the ages of life: an introduction
Zarulli, V., & Salinari, G. (2024) · Genus · doi:10.1186/s41118-024-00216-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Fishchuk, L., Rossokha, Z. I., Pokhylko, V. I., Cherniavska, Y. I., Tsvirenko, S. M., Kovtun, S., Medvedieva, N., Vershyhora, V., & Горовенко, Н. Г. (2021) · Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy · doi:10.1515/dmpt-2021-0127 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wilta, F., Chong, A. L. C., Selvachandran, G., Kotecha, K. V., & Ding, W. (2022) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2022.108973 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Exceso de mortalidad en población en edad de trabajar en nueve países de Latinoamérica, año 2020
Benavides, F. G., Vives, A., Zimmerman, M., & Silva-Peñaherrera, M. (2022) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2022.75 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The genetic and evolutionary determinants of COVID-19 susceptibility
Kerner, G., & Quintana‐Murci, L. (2022) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41431-022-01141-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Easton, A. V., Salerno, M. M., Trieu, L., Humphrey, E., Kaba, F., Macaraig, M., Dworkin, F., Nilsen, D. M., & Burzynski, J. N. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001758 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mayoral, L. P.-C., Hernández‐Huerta, M. T., Papy-García, D., Barritault, D., Zenteno, E., Navarro, L. M. S., Mayoral, E. P., Matias‐Cervantes, C. A., Cruz, M. M., Andrade, G. M., et al. (2021) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-021-04204-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Advanced age, comorbidity and the risk of mortality in COVID-19 infection
Endeshaw, Y. W., & Campbell, K. K. (2022) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2022.06.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Forero-Peña, D. A., Carrión‐Nessi, F. S., Mendoza‐Millán, D. L., Omaña‐Ávila, Ó. D., Mejía‐Bernard, M. D., Camejo‐Ávila, N. A., Flora‐Noda, D. M., Velásquez, V. L., Chacón‐Labrador, F. R., Doval, J. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27449 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pandemic trends in health care use: From the hospital bed to self-care with COVID-19
Methi, F., Hernæs, K. H., Skyrud, K. D., & Magnusson, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265812 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hodžić, A., de la Fuente, J., & Cabezas‐Cruz, A. (2020) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00747 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Uccheddu, D., & Rizzi, E. L. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbac196 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A bibliometric analysis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mortality rate
Khuluq, H., Yusuf, P. A., & Perwitasari, D. A. (2022) · Bali Medical Journal · doi:10.15562/bmj.v11i2.3423 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Garcı́a, S., Cuatepotzo-Burgos, F. M., Toledo-Lozano, C. G., Balderrama-Soto, A., Alcaráz‐Estrada, S. L., Montiel-López, L., de la Vega-Bravo, A. H., Mondragón‐Terán, P., Santosbeña-Lagunes, M., Escarela-Serrano, M., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9111501 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Scheel-Hincke, L. L., Ahrenfeldt, L. J., & Andersen‐Ranberg, K. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab096 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationLapo‐Talledo, G. J., Talledo-Delgado, J. A., & Fernández-Aballí, L. S. (2023) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311xen294721 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jaskolowska, J., Balcerzyk-Barzdo, E., Jóźwik, A., Gaszynski, T. M., & Ratajczyk, P. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11050719 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mehrizi, R., Golestani, A., Malekpour, M., Karami, H., Nasehi, M. M., Effatpanah, M., Rezaee, M., Shahali, Z., Sari, A. A., & Daroudi, R. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298604 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
THE RELATIONSHIP OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND HYPERTENSION WITH MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
Nadzifah, Y. N., & Hidajah, A. C. (2022) · Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi · doi:10.20473/jbe.v10i22022.219-226 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mavragani, C. P., Skarlis, C., Kostopoulos, I. V., Maratou, E., Moutsatsou, P., Terpos, E., Tsitsilonis, O., Dimopoulos, M. A., & Sfikakis, P. P. (2022) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155964 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Silva, B. R. O., Rodrigues, W. F., Abadia, D. G. P., da Silva, D. A. A., Andrade-Silva, L. E., Desidério, C. S., Farnesi-de-Assunção, T. S., Costa-Madeira, J. C., Barbosa, R. M., Borges, A. V. B. E., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.899702 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Algara, A. L. C., Cárdenas‐Rodríguez, N., Reyes-Long, S., Ortega-Cuéllar, D., Barros, R. E. R., Mondragón‐Terán, P., Escamilla-Tilch, M., Correa‐Basurto, J., Lara‐Padilla, E., Alfaro-Rodríguez, A., et al. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15060757 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ojeda, G. M., Muñóz-Valle, J. F., Yokogawa-Teraoka, P., Machado-Sulbarán, A. C., Loza-Rojas, M. G., García-Arredondo, A. C., Tejeda-Constantini, R., Vega‐Magaña, N., González-Estévez, G., García‐Chagollán, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18178995 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bîrluțiu, V., Neamtu, B. M., & Bîrluţiu, R. M. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17020202 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Meulman, I., Uiters, E., Cloïn, M., Struijs, J. N., Polder, J. J., & Stadhouders, N. W. (2024) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-024-01680-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pan, K., Jin, Y., Du, W. F., Wang, M., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037809 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Umeh, C. A., Watanabe, K., Tuscher, L., Ranchithan, S., & Gupta, R. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.21785 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Breakwell, G. M., Camilo, C., Jaspal, R., & Lima, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.7425 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Damiri, S., Shojaee, A., Dehghani, M., Shahali, Z., Abbasi, S., & Daroudi, R. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13649-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil and Psychosocial Repercussions on Men’s Health: Health Literacy Is Important
de Sousa, A. R., Moreira, W. C., Santana, T. D. S., Teixeira, J. R. B., Araújo, I. F. M., Almeida, É. S., Carvalho, E. S. D. S., Camargo, E. L. S., Souza, A. T. D. S., da Silva, H. L. L., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883221119091 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Variation in mortality burden of the COVID-19 pandemic across federal states in Germany
Kolobova, M., Jdanov, D. A., Jasilionis, D., Школьников, В. М., & Rau, R. (2023) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckad110 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Steijvers, L. C., van Bilsen, C. J. A., Wagner, S., Stutterheim, S. E., Crutzen, R., Ruiter, R. A. C., Hoebe, C. J. P. A., & Dukers–Muijrers, N. H. T. M. (2024) · Vaccine X · doi:10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100562 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
dos Reis, É. C., Monteiro, E. L. D. F., Meneguci, J., Rodrigues, P. A. F., Palma, A., Júnior, J. S. V., Passos, S. R. L., & dos Santos, M. A. B. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16218-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ambade, P., Hoffman, Z., Vest, T. A., Mehra, K., Gunja, M., MacKinnon, B. H., & MacKinnon, N. J. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-089430 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Masculinity, Perceived Vulnerability to COVID-19, and Adoption of Protective Behaviors
Roccato, M., Pacilli, M. G., Orlando, G., & Russo, S. (2022) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-022-09991-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Patriarcavirus, feminist dystopias and COVID-19: reflections on the phenomenon of gender pandemics
Machado-Jiménez, A. (2021) · Feminismo/s · doi:10.14198/fem.2021.38.14 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Strengthening Asset-backed Pension Systems in a Post-COVID World
OECD (2022) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/288cb3cf-en · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stămăteanu, L. O., Miftode, I.-L., Plesca, C. E., Dorneanu, O., Roşu, F. M., Miftode, I. D., Obreja, M., & Miftode, E. G. (2023) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics12071091 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Regional COVID-19 mortality in Brazil by age
Baptista, E. A., Queiroz, B. L., & de Lima, E. E. C. (2022) · Vienna Yearbook of Population Research · doi:10.1553/populationyearbook2022.res2.3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, Y., Li, L., Wu, G., Xie, G., Yi, L., Zhu, J., Liang, S.-Y., Huang, Y., Chen, J., Ji, S., et al. (2023) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.371 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Age and Gender Differences in COVID 19 Morbidity and Mortality in Nepal
Dhimal, M. L., Rana, N., Aryal, B., Adhikari, S. K., Shrestha, R., Gyanwali, P., & Dhimal, M. (2020) · Kathmandu University Medical Journal · doi:10.3126/kumj.v18i4.49240 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Al‐Jarallah, M., Rajan, R., Dashti, R., Saber, A. A., Brady, P. A., Abdelnaby, H., Alroomi, M., Aboelhassan, W., Abdullah, M., AlNasrallah, N., et al. (2022) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104026 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Human-genetic variants associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Azcarate, D., Olasagasti, F., Rodriguez, E. G., Arana‐Arri, E., España, P. P., Intxausti, M., Sancho, C., de Vicuña, A. G., Ibarrondo, O., & de Pancorbo, M. M. (2025) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2025.149423 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mortality and the Provision of Retirement Income
OECD (2023) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/a10a6c09-en · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Imoto, W., Imai, T., Kawai, R., Ihara, Y., Nonomiya, Y., Namikawa, H., Yamada, K., Yoshida, H., Kaneko, Y., Shintani, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2024.06.015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Smoking patterns and outcomes of severe sars-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study
Beronja, B., Karan, A., Lukić, B., Milošević, I., Dotlić, J., & Gazibara, T. M. (2025) · Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease · doi:10.4081/monaldi.2025.2916 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Impact of COVID-19 on Spanish mortality rates in 2020 by age and sex
Eliseo Navarro, C., & Requena, P. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdad023 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fursa, O., Bannister, W. P., Neesgaard, B., Podlekareva, D. N., Kowalska, J. D., Benfield, T., Gerstoft, J., Reekie, J., Rasmussen, L. D., Aho, I., et al. (2024) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.13620 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kolivand, P., Fathi, M., Kheyrati, L., & Lak, M. (2021) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.09.053 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pillai, J., Mistry, P. P., le Roux, D. A., Motaung, K. S., Mokgatle, M. M., Gaylard, P., Cengiz, N., & Basu, D. (2022) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2022.v112i3.16024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Causas de fallecimiento en pacientes con COVID-19 en la Ciudad de México
González-Ramírez, J. A. (2021) · Nova Scientia · doi:10.21640/ns.v13ie.2850 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rodríguez, J. P., Aleta, A., & Moreno, Y. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-05551-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
OAS1 and OAS3 genetic variants enhance inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2
DeDiego, M. L., López‐Fernández‐Sobrino, R., Pedragosa, J., López-García, D., Nogales, A., Durbán, J., Cardona, F., Llucià‐Carol, L., Rivero, V., Vázquez-Utrilla, P., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113966 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Batmunkh, M.-U., Ravjir, O., Lkhagvasuren, E., Dambaa, N., Boldoo, T., Ganbold, S., Ganbaatar, K., Chinbayar, T., Togoo, K., Bat‐Erdene, A., et al. (2022) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100982 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Valero, C., Barba, R., Riancho, J. A., & Santurtún, A. (2022) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2022.08.015 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Farrants, K., Müller, M., & Alexanderson, K. A. E. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21566-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mansour, S., Alahmadi, M., Mahmoud, A., Al-Shamli, K. A. S., Alhabsi, M., & Ali, W. K. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92753-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Retirement Adjustment in the Pandemic – Did Risk- and Protective Factors Change??
Henning, G., Segel‐Karpas, D., Hyde, M., & Huxhold, O. (2025) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-025-03680-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
COVID-19 symptom duration predicts immunoglobulin G seropositivity
Stepanek, L., Nakládalová, M., Stepanek, L., Janošíková, M., Boriková, A., & Vildová, H. (2021) · Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava medical journal · doi:10.4149/bll_2021_139 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nilav, A., Rouzbahani, A. K., Mahmoudvand, G., & Zavari, T. (2023) · Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.5812/jjm-133603 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
PREVALÊNCIA DE COMORBIDADES EM INDIVÍDUOS INFECTADOS POR COVID-19 EM UM MUNICÍPIO DE PORTE MÉDIO
Grillo, L. P., Kuczera, A. C. V., Cunha, M. P., Daga, D., Daghetti, K. C., Fraccanabbia, D., Basso, S., Walczewski, L. G. B., Meneghetti, B. D., Horst, H. N., et al. (2023) · Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR · doi:10.25110/arqsaude.v27i1.2023.9075 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The vaccination characteristics and mortal causes analysis of COVID-19 deaths at a district level
Yavuz, M., & Sezerol, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care · doi:10.47582/jompac.1255788 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ahmed, K. J., Tasneem, N., Saha, B., & Haq, S. M. A. (2023) · Climate change management · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26592-1_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Factors associated with adverse outcome among hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19
Андреевна, М. С., Gomon, Y. М., Колбин, А. С., Verbitskaya, E. V., & Galimov, T. I. (2023) · Kachestvennaya Klinicheskaya Praktika = Good Clinical Practice · doi:10.37489/2588-0519-2023-1-34-46 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Amorim, A. F. S., Coimbra, M. J., Podestá, M. H. M. C., Silva, A. O., Cerdeira, C. D., Rodrigues, A. S., Nogueira, D. A., Ferreira, E. B., Vieira, L. B., de Barros, C. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.17921/2447-8938.2023v25n2p96-106 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Borsch-Supan, A. H., Abramowska-Kmon, A., Andersen‐Ranberg, K., Brugiavini, A., Chłoń‐Domińczak, A., Jusot, F., Laferrère, A., Litwin, H., Smolić, Š., & Weber, G. (2023) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111135908 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bonnet, F., & Camarda, C. G. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.22283346 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quiroz, P., Rutherford, G. W., & Dubé, M. P. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119789741.ch1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Talib, M., Ghosh, K., & Darbha, G. K. (2025) · Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances · doi:10.1016/j.heha.2025.100119 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Farrants, K., Cybulski, Ł., & Alexanderson, K. A. E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-97025-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Doniec, K., Schöley, J., Kühn, M., & Dowd, J. B. (2026) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2026.104072 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Care for Older People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Overview of the Situation in Poland
Zawojska, A., Wrzesińska, J., & Siudek, T. (2021) · EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL · doi:10.35808/ersj/2770 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ahrenfeldt, L. J., Otavova, M., Christensen, K., & Lindahl-Jacobsen, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Ahrenfeldt, Linda Juel
- Venue
- Wiener klinische Wochenschrift
- Published
- 2020-12-22
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 7-8
- Pages
- 393-398
- ISSN
- 0043-5325 (ISSN-L)
- 1613-7671
- PMC
- PMC7755064
- OpenAlex
- W3116614361
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Wiener klinische Wochenschrift (publishedVersion)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG031719)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, sex differences, age differences, case fatality rate, mortality, women, men
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
