Toward interpretable credit scoring: integrating explainable artificial intelligence with deep learning for credit card default prediction

Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine Learning

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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence

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DARPA's Explainable Artificial Intelligence Program

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The comparisons of data mining techniques for the predictive accuracy of probability of default of credit card clients

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Applications of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Finance—a systematic review of Finance, Information Systems, and Computer Science literature

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Machine learning-driven credit risk: a systemic review

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Brain Tumor Detection and Classification Using Deep Learning and Sine-Cosine Fitness Grey Wolf Optimization

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Real-time facial emotion recognition system among children with autism based on deep learning and IoT

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Recent Emerging Techniques in Explainable Artificial Intelligence to Enhance the Interpretable and Understanding of AI Models for Human

Mathew, D. E., Ebem, D. U., Ikegwu, A. C., Ukeoma, P. E., & Dibiaezue, N. F. (2025) · Neural Processing Letters · doi:10.1007/s11063-025-11732-2 · Cited by 168

Improved prostate cancer diagnosis using a modified ResNet50-based deep learning architecture

Talaat, F. M., El–Sappagh, S., Alnowaiser, K., & Hassan, E. (2024) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-024-02419-0 · Cited by 83

AI in credit scoring: A comprehensive review of models and predictive analytics

Addy, W. A., Ajayi-Nifise, A. O., Bello, B. G., Tula, S. T., Odeyemi, O., & Falaiye, T. O. (2024) · Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances · doi:10.30574/gjeta.2024.18.2.0029 · Cited by 72

Deep Learning in Finance: A Survey of Applications and Techniques

Mienye, E. D., Jere, N. R., Obaido, G., Mienye, I. D., & Aruleba, K. (2024) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai5040101 · Cited by 80

Transforming Financial Reporting with AI: Enhancing Accuracy and Timeliness

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Multi‐Distance Spatial‐Temporal Graph Neural Network for Anomaly Detection in Blockchain Transactions

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Effective Credit Risk Prediction Using Ensemble Classifiers With Model Explanation

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UAV-based multispectral image analytics and machine learning for predicting crop nitrogen in rice

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XGBoost-B-GHM: An Ensemble Model with Feature Selection and GHM Loss Function Optimization for Credit Scoring

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Adoption of artificial intelligence-based credit risk assessment and fraud detection in the banking services: a hybrid approach (SEM-ANN)

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Smart traffic management system using YOLOv11 for real-time vehicle detection and dynamic flow optimization in smart cities

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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

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An Improved Ensemble Method With Data Resampling for Credit Risk Prediction

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Leveraging artificial intelligence for enhanced decision-making in finance: trends and future directions

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Enhanced credit risk prediction using deep learning and SMOTE-ENN resampling

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Performance, Fairness, and Explainability in AI-Based Credit Scoring: A Systematic Literature Review

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The impact of big data characteristics on credit risk assessment

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Evaluating AI-driven credit scoring models versus traditional statistical techniques

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Explainable AI: Enhancing Interpretability of Machine Learning Models

Kulaklıoğlu, D. (2024) · Human computer interaction. · doi:10.62802/z3pde490 · Cited by 11

Toward an evolving framework for responsible AI for credit scoring in the banking industry

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Enhanced Network Intrusion Detection Systems With Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Network Security

Dasari, A. K., Biswas, S. K., & Purkayastha, B. (2025) · International Journal of Communication Systems · doi:10.1002/dac.70209 · Cited by 10

Opening the AI black-box: Symbolic regression with Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks for advanced energy applications

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A novel augmentation strategy for credit scoring modeling

Gatta, V. L., Postiglione, M., & Sperlí, G. (2025) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10452-3 · Cited by 9

Application of AdaBound-Optimized XGBoost-LSTM Model for Consumer Credit Assessment in Banking Industries

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Exploration and prioritization of crucial factors of artificial intelligence adoption in credit risk scoring: using the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process

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Graph-Based Inductive Learning for Credit Risk Prediction with Imbalance Mitigation

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A Hybrid Approach to Credit Risk Assessment Using Bill Payment Habits Data and Explainable Artificial Intelligence

Bulut, C., & Arslan, E. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15105723 · Cited by 6

Precise fraud detection and risk management with explainable artificial intelligence

Talaat, F. M., Medhat, T., & Shaban, W. M. (2025) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11396-y · Cited by 7

NATE: Non-pArameTric approach for Explainable credit scoring on imbalanced class

Han, S., & Jung, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316454 · Cited by 6

Intelligent wearable vision systems for the visually impaired in Saudi Arabia

Talaat, F. M., El‐Shafai, W., Soliman, N. F., Algarni, A. D., & El‐Samie, F. E. A. (2025) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-025-10987-z · Cited by 6

Inclusive Design of AI’s Explanations: Just for Those Previously Left Out?

Hamid, M. M., Moussaoui, F., Guevara, J. N., Anderson, A. W., Agarwal, P., Dodge, J. E., & Burnett, M. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3772074 · Cited by 9

Decoding the multimodal maze: A systematic review on the adoption of explainability in multimodal attention-based models

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Explaining the Unexplainable: A Systematic Review of Explainable AI in FinancePreprint

Mohsin, M. T., & Nasim, N. B. (2025) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/puo5ck · Cited by 7

Ethical Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Self-Service Technologies

Ghosh, R., Çela, E., Chakraborty, S., Gupta, B., Dutta, G., Chakraborty, S., & Roy, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1295-8.ch007 · Cited by 3

Analysis of informatization-related factors for digital transformation in manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises using machine learning techniques

Choi, D., & Cho, I. (2025) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2025.2481182 · Cited by 3

Research on machine learning in credit risk management: current developments and future trends

FANG, Y. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Research (CAIMLR) · doi:10.1117/12.3058170 · Cited by 3

Explainable AI (XAI) for Credit Scoring and Loan Approvals

Ravi, V., Srivastava, V. K., Singh, M., Burila, R. K., Kassetty, N., Vardhineedi, P. N., Pasam, V. R., Prova, N. N. I., & De, I. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8998-9_29 · Cited by 3

Tabular Image: a method to convert tabular data to images for convolutional neural networks

Liang, J., Wei, X., & Summers, B. A. (2025) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-025-06754-x · Cited by 4

Explaining the Unexplainable: A Systematic Review of Explainable AI in FinancePreprint

Mohsin, M. T., & Nasim, N. B. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5436998 · Cited by 3

Predictive Analytics in Credit Scoring: Integrating XG Boost and Neural Networks for Enhanced Financial Decision Making

Krishna, S. V. S. P. P. J. S., Aarif, M., Bhasin, N., Kadyan, S., Savitha, & Bala, B. (2024) · 2024 International Conference on Data Science and Network Security (ICDSNS) · doi:10.1109/icdsns62112.2024.10691123 · Cited by 2

An interpretable credit risk assessment model with boundary sample identification

Zhang, R., Li, I., & Ding, Z. (2025) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.2988 · Cited by 2

Optimizing YOLOv9 for automated detection of stroke lesions in brain CT images

Talaat, F. M., & Shaban, W. M. (2025) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11560-4 · Cited by 2

A credit risk prediction model combining ensemble learning and deep learning through three-way decisions

Li, Y., Zhao, R., & An, Y. (2026) · Journal Of Big Data · doi:10.1186/s40537-026-01375-y · Cited by 5

Simulated quantum feature maps for interpretable credit risk prediction: a comparative benchmark study

Zouaghia, Z., Kodia, Z., & Saïd, L. B. (2026) · International Journal of Data Science and Analytics · doi:10.1007/s41060-026-01085-x · Cited by 2

Evaluating model concordance in a multi-model binary scoring framework: feature-specific and sampling-driven agreement analyses using Kendall’s tau rank correlation for credit risk assessment

Mirza, F. K., Öğrencı, A. S., Bilge, A. H., Eğrican, A. T., Kardous, C., HAJJAOUI, B., Çiçek, B., Yüksel, B., Özvural, Ö. G., & Kasımoğlu, T. (2026) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11806-1 · Cited by 2

Credit Risk Prediction in Vietnamese Commercial Banks With an Explainable AI Framework Using XGBoost

Vi, P. T., Phuc, V. M., & Bình, L. T. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0462-5.ch012 · Cited by 1

AI-Driven Credit Scoring Model in Smarter Lending Decisions for Farmers

Cahudhari, S., Manna, S., Vadivel, K. S., & Latha Kamatchi, S. (2025) · International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC) · doi:10.1109/iccmc65190.2025.11139936 · Cited by 1

A Credit Risk Identification Model Based on the Minimax Probability Machine with Generative Adversarial Networks

Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., & Huang, H. (2025) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math13203345 · Cited by 1

Attentive contrast deep neural network for imbalanced credit scoring

Wang, L., Xu, S., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2025.112917 · Cited by 1

MvL-GCN: A multi-view learning graph convolutional network for enhancing credit default risk prediction

Pourkhoshgoftar, S., Shahbahrami, A., & Esmi, N. (2026) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2026.114832 · Cited by 1

IVA-FL: An information-value-aware federated learning framework for Privacy-Preserving Financial data Risk Management

Wu, J., Xu, H., Zhang, T., Xu, R., Wu, H., & Huang, Z. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0344251 · Cited by 1

Consumer credit evaluation model for free trade ports by a sparse attention transformer and graph neural network

Wu, M., Sabri, M. F., Meng, C., & Wang, S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46849-4 · Cited by 1

Financial and Economic Analysis for Assessment of Credit Risk with Explainable Artificial Intelligence

Mittal, V., Mamadiyarov, Z. T., Dauirxanovich, D. K., Shojonov, M., Khomitov, K. Z., & Gupta, U. (2025) · International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovation for Sustainability (EmergIN) · doi:10.1109/emergin67762.2025.11450868 · Cited by 1

Nanophotonic-Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging in Brain Tumor Diagnosis with Explainable AI

Balamanikandan, A., Sukanya, M., Jalendiran, J., Vinoth, R., Alagarasan, I., & Karthika, V., V (2025) · International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC) · doi:10.1109/icosec67334.2025.11459495 · Cited by 1

A multi-objective genetic–Mamdani fuzzy reasoning framework for bias-resilient small business credit scoring

Nair, R. R., Babu, T., & Yogarayan, S. (2026) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2026.2641267 · Cited by 1

Deep Learning and Machine Learning Models for Scalable Credit Card Default Prediction on Big Data

Chen, A. L., & Qiu, Y. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825743 · Cited by 1

A data-centric approach to building ai models for determining the credit rating of fintech company clients based on open banking

Fostyak, M., & Demkiv, L. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.15407/jai2025.01.132 · Cited by 1

Improving Probability Estimates for Events by considering Types of Errors in Prediction TasksPreprint

Kotzian, P. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4853561

Improving Probability Estimates for Events by considering Types of Errors in Prediction TasksPreprint

Kotzian, P. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5036334

LEVERAGING ON INTELLIGENT COMPUTING NEURO-STRUCTURES FOR POPULATION DYNAMICS OF FINANCIAL BUBBLE MODEL

Syed, F. A., Fang, K.-T., Kiani, A. K., Shoaib, M., & Raja, M. A. Z. (2024) · The Singapore Economic Review · doi:10.1142/s021759082550002x

An Empirical Study on Enhancing Explainability Through Quantum Machine Learning for Credit Risk Analysis

Routh, A., Gopakumar, P., & Rubell Marion Lincy, G. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Future Machine Learning and Data Science (FMLDS) · doi:10.1109/fmlds63805.2024.00084

Credit Scoring Using Self-Adaptive Memetic Algorithm with Clustering-Adjusted Cutoff PointPreprint

Khorrami, A., Nayeri, M. D., & Rajabzadeh, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5148767

Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology for Digital Economy: Research on Default Factors of Personal Automotive Consumer Credit

Ding, Y., Hong, J., Shen, Q., & Si, N. (2024) · International Conference on Computers and Artificial Intelligence Technology (CAIT) · doi:10.1109/cait64506.2024.10963295

IWSL Model: A Novel Credit Scoring Model With Interpretable Features for Consumer Credit Scenarios

Zhang, R., Li, I., Ding, Z., & Zhu, T. (2025) · Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1002/for.70004

Multi-Source Data-Driven Intelligent Model for Credit Assessment in Agricultural Financing

Chaudhari, S. S., Manna, S., Vadivel, K. S., & Latha Kamatchi, S. (2025) · International Conference on Self Sustainable Artificial Intelligence Systems (ICSSAS) · doi:10.1109/icssas66150.2025.11080704

Explainable AI for Risk Scoring in Letters of Credit: Bridging Machine Learning and Regulatory InterpretabilityPreprint

Adegbola, I. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5361956

Perspective Chapter: Artificial Intelligence-Driven Customer Experience Analytics in Banking

Salazar, J., & Vargas, M. J. S. (2025) · Business, management and economics · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1011535

Improving Credit Scoring with Feature Selection and Predictive Modeling

Abdelsalam, M., Abdelrazek, S. M., & Abdelmaksoud, I. R. (2025) · Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1177/18758967251369775

Deep Learning for Global Equity Forecasting

Sathyanarayana, N., Kumar, V., Rahul, V., Kumar, M. S. S. V. S., & Goranta, L. R. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2838-6.ch007

Enhancing Credit Scoring through a Multi-Stage Hybrid Ensemble Classification Model with Feature Engineering and Data Balancing

Ramila Rajaleximi, P., Saravanan, A., SivaSakthi, B., Jaganathan, L., & Bama, S. S. (2025) · International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation · doi:10.54392/irjmt25512

Unravelling complex financial fraud patterns in big data: a case study utilizing explainable AI in Industry goods purchasing

Oukhouya, H., Rhiouane, A. E., Lfaze, F. E., Zari, T., Guerbaz, R., Belkhoutout, K., & Moussi, A. (2025) · International Journal of Computers and Applications · doi:10.1080/1206212x.2025.2572477

Research on Credit Risk Analysis of Technology-based Small and Microenterprises Based on Explainable Deep Learning

Liang, K., Ye, C., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Computational Economics · doi:10.1007/s10614-025-11145-2

Balancing Fairness, Explainability, and Performance in AI-Based Credit Scoring: A Systematic Literature ReviewPreprint

Bahlool, R. A., Hewahi, N. M., & Elmedany, W. M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5784362

FEIS: A Credit Risk Assessment Model Combining Feature Engineering Approach and Interpretable Submodels

Zhang, R. (2025) · Computational Economics · doi:10.1007/s10614-025-11169-8

FastTree-Guided Genetic Algorithm for Credit Scoring Feature Selection

Bahlool, R. A., Hewahi, N. M., & Harrath, Y. (2025) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers14120566

Improving Churn Prediction in Banking: Hyperparameter Optimization of MLP with SHAP and Permutation Feature Importance

Setiana, E., Alamsyah, N., Hendra, A., Danestiara, V. R., Budiman, & Nursyanti, R. (2025) · International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC) · doi:10.1109/icic68054.2025.11309692

Managing Retail Credit Default Risk Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Ethical Considerations and Challenges

Siby, A., & Jha, B. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8793-0_28

Balancing Explainability and Accuracy in Credit Risk Classification Using Neuro-Fuzzy Model

Ghozzi, S. B., HajKacem, M. A. B., & Essoussi, N. (2025) · IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA) · doi:10.1109/aiccsa66935.2025.11315284

A mini-approach for retail banking with transparent recommendation system enabled by explainable AI

Bairagi, P., & Arora, S. (2026) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00817-5 · Cited by 1

Predicting BNPL Loan Defaults: A Comparison of Ensemble Learning Models Combined With Balancing Techniques and an Analysis of the Impact of Digital Literacy

Khalili, P., Kargari, M., Rastegar, M. A., & Eshghi, A. (2026) · Engineering Reports · doi:10.1002/eng2.70601

Analysing the Strategic Impact of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC) Using Machine Learning Models: Value Realisation in Corporate Management

Han, J. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-17026-2_15

An interpretable labeling model for reject inference based on multi-level sub-model migration in the credit risk assessment scenario

Zhang, R. (2026) · Quantitative Finance · doi:10.1080/14697688.2026.2619537

Deep Learning Based Data Classification Method

Sharma, V., Agarwal, M., Nachappa, D. M. N., Savita, & Shujaaddeen, A. A. (2026) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3389-3_20

Credit Scoring and Default Prediction Using Pufferfish Optimization Algorithm

Tseng, C.-J. (2026) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2026.2626840

A Systematic Analysis and Optimization of Deep Learning Models for Prostate Cancer detection and classification on medical imagery

Chilakala, S., & Venkatesh, C. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Innovations in Healthcare Industries (ICAIIHI) · doi:10.1109/icaiihi67124.2025.11403550

ADAPTIVE ANOMALY CORRECTION AND DYNAMIC SAMPLE BALANCING FOR DEEP INTELLIGENT CREDIT RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK

Xueping, Z., Samuri, S. M., & Adnan, M. H. M. (2026) · NED University Journal of Research · doi:10.35453/nedjr-ascn-2025-007.r4

High Rated Financial Transactions using Deep Learning Algorithm: A Way to Smart Banking Automation

Mittal, V., Mamadiyarov, Z., Nazarbaev, O., Akhmedov, S., Alikulov, M. S. O., & Shukla, P. K. (2025) · International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovation for Sustainability (EmergIN) · doi:10.1109/emergin67762.2025.11450679

Hybrid CNN-transformer architecture for personal credit risk prediction with comparative insights into model explainability

Lee, J., Lee, Y., Hong, J., Chung, Y., & Kim, E. K. (2026) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-026-08486-6

Integrating Explainability and Fairness in Credit Risk Prediction: A Hybrid Approach Using Tabnet, LightGBM, SHAP, and Counterfactual Explanations on the FICO Dataset

Kapoor, S., Jain, S., Gupta, P. K., Vidushi, & Bhardwaj, S. (2026) · International Conference on Computing, Sciences and Communications (ICCSC) · doi:10.1109/iccsc67078.2026.11468663

Real Time Fraud Detection at Scale in High Volume Enterprise Payment Ecosystems

Qin, Y., Yang, J., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Journal of Computing and Electronic Information Management · doi:10.54097/51td8c59

Explainable gradient convolutional vector fuzzy pattern analysis based on ensemble model for facial expression recognition

Videla, L. S., & Mukamalla, B. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Big Data · doi:10.3389/fdata.2026.1807184

Utilizing AI and data analytics for enhancing inclusion in developing economies

Basani, M. A. R., & Kaushal, R. K. (2026) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0329356

Emerging AI techniques for advanced sentiment analysis: A comprehensive survey

Stephen, S., & Vadivel, R. (2026) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0329843

Big Data- and AI-Driven Hybrid Self-Attention Credit Scoring with Explainable Decisioning

Zakariya, G., Nickolayevna, M. A., & Ali, N. B. (2026) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc10070236

A Hybrid Explainable Machine Learning Framework for Fair and Transparent Loan Approval Prediction

Dahri, Z. A., Dahri, F. H., Laghari, A. A., Javed, M., & Kumar, T. (2026) · IET Software · doi:10.1049/sfw2/5599870

Topology-aware and interpretable cryptocurrency price forecasting via visibility graphs and ensemble models

Mirza, F. K., Pekcan, Ö., Hekimoğlu, M., & Baykaş, T. (2026) · Evolving Systems · doi:10.1007/s12530-026-09867-1

iCert-Fair: A Human-Preference-Guided Two-Layer Framework for Multi-Objective Fairness Assessment and Harm Recovery in Credit Scoring

Bahlool, R. A., & Hewahi, N. M. (2026) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai7080312

Explainable AI Models for Credit Card Default Prediction: Balancing Accuracy and Interpretability

Ishtiaq, W. (2025) · International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Arts · doi:10.47709/ijmdsa.v4i4.6900

Transaction Scam Detection Using Flask Frame Work

Rohini, M., Archana, T., Thulasi Raman, S., & Mukilan, R. (2025) · International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems for Collaborative Intelligence (ICMSCI) · doi:10.1109/icmsci62561.2025.10893993 · Cited by 3

Associating Deep Learning and Logistic Regression for Credit Card Default Prediction

Oliveira, M., & Costa, G. (2025) · Congresso Brasileiro de Inteligência Computacional (CBIC) · doi:10.21528/cbic2025-1191056

Credit Card Default Prediction with Machine Learning: A Benchmarking Study on Imbalance Handling and Model Interpretability

Liu, S. (2025) · Finance & Economics · doi:10.61173/ebxdq631

Explainable AI for Credit Assessment in Banks

de Lange, P. E., Melsom, B., Vennerød, C. B., & Westgaard, S. (2022) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm15120556 · Cited by 107