Abusive language detection from social media comments using conventional machine learning and deep learning approaches

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One-step and Two-step Classification for Abusive Language Detection on Twitter

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Offensive Language Detection Using Multi-level Classification

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A Two-Phase Multiobjective Local Search for the Device Allocation in the Distributed Integrated Modular Avionics

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A Dataset and Preliminaries Study for Abusive Language Detection in Indonesian Social Media

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Automatic Detection of Offensive Language for Urdu and Roman Urdu

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Offensive Language and Hate Speech Detection for DanishPreprint

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Comparative Studies of Detecting Abusive Language on Twitter

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Dataset Construction for the Detection of Anti-Social Behaviour in Online Communication in Arabic

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An abusive text detection system based on enhanced abusive and non-abusive word lists

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Sentiment Analysis for a Resource Poor Language—Roman Urdu

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Exploring deep learning approaches for Urdu text classification in product manufacturing

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Sentiment Analysis of Lithuanian Texts Using Traditional and Deep Learning Approaches

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Abusive Language Detection with Graph Convolutional NetworksPreprint

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Sentiment Analysis in E-commerce Using SVM on Roman Urdu Text

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A Classifier Ensemble for Offensive Text Detection

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A Comparison of Classical Versus Deep Learning Techniques for Abusive Content Detection on Social Media Sites

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"Brute-Force Sentence Pattern Extortion from Harmful Messages for Cyberbullying Detection"

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KMI-Coling at SemEval-2019 Task 6: Exploring N-grams for Offensive Language detection

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A Multi-Layer Neural Network Model Integrating BiLSTM and CNN for Chinese Sentiment Recognition

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Cyberbullying detection for low-resource languages and dialects: Review of the state of the art

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A Review on Deep-Learning-Based Cyberbullying Detection

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Sarcasm Detection over Social Media Platforms Using Hybrid Auto-Encoder-Based Model

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Dynamic graph convolution neural network based on spatial-temporal correlation for air quality prediction

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A comprehensive review on automatic hate speech detection in the age of the transformer

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FAEO-ECNN: cyberbullying detection in social media platforms using topic modelling and deep learning

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An Automatic Approach for the Identification of Offensive Language in Perso-Arabic Urdu Language: Dataset Creation and Evaluation

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Leveraging Multilingual Transformer for Multiclass Sentiment Analysis in Code-Mixed Data of Low-Resource Languages

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Detection of violence incitation expressions in Urdu tweets using convolutional neural network

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ISE-Hate: A benchmark corpus for inter-faith, sectarian, and ethnic hatred detection on social media in Urdu

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Contextual Embeddings based on Fine-tuned Urdu-BERT for Urdu threatening content and target identification

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Abusive Language Detection in Urdu Text: Leveraging Deep Learning and Attention Mechanism

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Hate Speech Detection Research in South Asian Languages: A Survey of Tasks, Datasets and Methods

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Assessing the Learning of Machine Learning in K-12: A Ten-Year Systematic Mapping

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Deep learning-based approaches for abusive content detection and classification for multi-class online user-generated data

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Hate Speech and Target Community Detection in Nastaliq Urdu Using Transfer Learning Techniques

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Discovering child sexual abuse material creators' behaviors and preferences on the dark web

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Threats on online social network platforms: classification, detection, and prevention techniques

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Abusive comment identification on Indonesian social media data using hybrid deep learning

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CEN-Tamil@DravidianLangTech-ACL2022: Abusive Comment detection in Tamil using TF-IDF and Random Kitchen Sink Algorithm

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Reading Between the Lines: Machine Learning Ensemble and Deep Learning for Implied Threat Detection in Textual Data

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A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach to Detect Bangla Social Media Hate Speech

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A Multi-Kernel Optimized Convolutional Neural Network With Urdu Word Embedding to Detect Fake News

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Toward Safer Digital Communication: A Deep Hybrid Model for Detecting Abusive Language on Social Networks

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Investigation, Detection and Prevention of Online Child Sexual Abuse Materials: A Comprehensive SurveyPreprint

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Detecting Offensive Language on Malay Social Media: A Zero-Shot, Cross-Language Transfer Approach Using Dual-Branch mBERT

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Practical Implementation of Federated Learning for Detecting Backdoor Attacks in a Next-word Prediction Model

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Violent Views Detection in Urdu Tweets

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Online Gambling Promotion Detection in Indonesian YouTube Comments Using Semi-Supervised IndoBERT Classification

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Beyond Trolling: Fine-Grained Detection of Antisocial Behavior in Social Media During the Pandemic

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Offensive Language Detection on Online Social Networks using Hybrid Deep Learning Architecture

Kazbekova, G., Ismagulova, Z., Kemelbekova, Z., Tileubay, S., Baimurzayev, B., & Bazarbayeva, A. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2023.0141180 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Analysis of language identification algorithms for regional Indonesian languages

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Instance Hardness Threshold for Effective Sampling in Bangla Cyberbullying Detection Using Transformer Models

Morshed, M. N., Zaman, M. S. U., & Ahmed, M. (2024) · International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT) · doi:10.1109/iccit64611.2024.11021698 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Detection of offensive terms in resource-poor language using machine learning algorithms

Raza, M. O., Mahoto, N. A., Hamdi, M., Reshan, M. S. A., Rajab, A. D., & Shaikh, A. (2023) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1524 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Fusing Deep Learning and Fuzzy Logic for Social Media Influence Assessment

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Composite feature fusion for improved offensive language detection in Tamil social media using MHA-LSTM

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A Temporal Variable-Scale Clustering Method on Feature Identification for Policy Public-Opinion Management

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Detecting Antisocial Behavior on Social Media During COVID-19 Lockdown

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A Multi-Output BERT Framework for Abusive Comment Detection and Sentiment Analysis on Low-Resource Language

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Contextual Semantic Classification of Trafficking-Related Advertisements Using DistilBERT

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Machine Learning-Based Strategies for Detecting Cyberbullying in Online Chats

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End To End Comments Filtering Feature Using Sentimental Analysis

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Influence of Feature Selection Techniques for Social Media Data Analysis (Text and Image)

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Cyberbullying Detection with Side Information: A Real-World Application of COVID-19 News Comment in Chinese Language

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Interactive Da’wah Communication of Ustadz Syam on TikTok

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Content-Based Long Text Documents Classification Using Bayesian Approach for a Resource-Poor Language Urdu

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A survey on machine learning techniques used in social media data analysis

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Are There Hate Speeches on Spanish Television?

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Peer Review #1 of "Detection of offensive terms in resource-poor language using machine learning algorithms (v0.4)"

(2023) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.1524v0.4/reviews/1

Peer Review #2 of "Detection of offensive terms in resource-poor language using machine learning algorithms (v0.1)"

(2023) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.1524v0.1/reviews/2

Peer Review #1 of "Detection of offensive terms in resource-poor language using machine learning algorithms (v0.1)"

(2023) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.1524v0.1/reviews/1

Network bullying detection based on deep learning

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CatRevenge: towards effective revenge text detection in online social media with paragraph embedding and CATBoost

Ghosal, S., & Jain, A. (2024) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-024-18791-y

On the Keyword Extraction and Bias Analysis, Graph-based Exploration and Data Augmentation for Abusive Language Detection in Low-Resource Settings

Sarracén, G. L. D. L. P. (2024) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/203266

Abusive Words Detection on Reddit Comments Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Madhurima, S., Ajith, K., Swathy, V. S., & Prathap, B. R. (2024) · International Conference on Device Intelligence, Computing and Communication Technologies (DICCT) · doi:10.1109/dicct61038.2024.10532806 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Advancing Forensic Examination of Cyber Predator Communication Through Machine Learning

Ogundiran, A., Chi, H., Yan, J., & Agada, R. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C) · doi:10.1109/qrs-c63300.2024.00065

Multilingual Mysteries The Art of Automated Language Identification

Hegde, R., Ranjani, & Hegde, S. K. (2024) · International Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology for Sustainable Development (ICRAIS) · doi:10.1109/icrais62903.2024.10811728

Stereoscopic Gated Graph Scalable Quantum Capsule Convolutional Neural Networks with Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm for Social Media Content Classification and Community Detection

Elumalai, A., Devi, S. R., Victoria, D. R. S., Jagadeeswaran, A., Mukherjee, A., & Vinoth, K. (2025) · International Conference on Machine Learning and Autonomous Systems (ICMLAS) · doi:10.1109/icmlas64557.2025.10968581

Abusive Language Detection on Romanized Bengali and Bengali-English Code-Mixed Dataset by Deep Learning Models

Mandal, J., Choudhary, R. R., Meena, G., & Barman, M. (2025) · Springer tracts in human-centered computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1761-6_39

Let him bleed (online): Henry Kissinger’s death coverage in Israeli news websites

Bar-Zohar, B. (2025) · Israel Affairs · doi:10.1080/13537121.2025.2499406

Can Large Language Models Effectively Implement Abusive Language Detection Across Domains and Across Languages?

Huang, K., Jia, G., Han, N., Bai, M., & Chen, Z. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93736-1_13

Influence of Feature Selection Techniques for Social Media Data Analysis (Text and Image)

Bajpai, A., & Gupta, Y. K. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394275274.ch17

Overcoming Linguistic Challenges: Leveraging Deep Learning Techniques for Abusive Text Detection in Assamese Language

Chutia, T., Baruah, N., & Sonowal, P. (2025) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6254-8_26

An effective cyberbullying-flashing identification on whatsapp using PTS-GReLU-GRU with harmful level prediction

Karpagam, M., Naveenkumar, N., Panguluri, V., Hanuman, C. R. S., Usharani, R., Priya, S. M., & Sharma, P. C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-28765-1

Social Media Post Detection using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning Classifiers

Haque, T., Uddin, S., Mondal, T., Hasan, M. M., Rana, M. S., & Tahmiduzzaman, K. B. M. (2025) · International Conference on IoT Based Control Networks and Intelligent Systems (ICICNIS) · doi:10.1109/icicnis66685.2025.11315819

Leveraging Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Effective Abusive Language Filtering on Social Media

Subramanian, M., Keerthibala, A. T., Jayanth, J. R., Nandhini, P. S., & Kanishk, P. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-2872-1_45

Topic Modelling for Cyberbullying Comments on YouTube Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation

Aris, N. B., Sabri, N. M., Daud, N. M. N., Bakar, N. A. A. A., & Azizan, A. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08240-4_15

Multimodal Deep Learning for Robust Cyberbullying Detection on Online Platforms: An Overview

Chavan, A. M., & Deshmukh, R. J. (2025) · International Conference on Future Technologies (ICFT) · doi:10.1109/icft66708.2025.11336674

Research on Hate Speech Detection Method Based on Multimodal Feature Fusion

Xiong, S., Lang, R., & Cheng, Y. (2025) · International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Informatics (EEI) · doi:10.1109/eei67650.2025.11335030

An Intelligent Deep Learning Approach for Automated Hate Speech Detection on Social Media

Singh, A., Malik, N., Ranjan, R., & Lamba, M. (2025) · International Conference on IoT, Communication and Automation Technology (ICICAT) · doi:10.1109/icicat68430.2025.11414730

A Comprehensive Review on Sentiment Analysis in Low-Resource and Code-Mixed Languages

Suresh, G. V., & Nikita (2026) · International Conference on Communication, Computing and Electronics Systems (ICCCES) · doi:10.1109/iccces62661.2026.11437331

A Privacy-Compliant Hybrid Framework for Real-Time Offensive Text Moderation in Dual-Mode Chat Systems

M, R. Y. T., Parivel, R., S, P. G., & Santhosh Kumar, R. (2026) · International Conference on Cognitive Systems and Computer Interaction (ICoSCI) · doi:10.1109/icosci66700.2026.11447621

Advanced success-driven lightweight deep learning network with data augmentation for detecting offensive text on unstructured social media data

Mounica, V., & Mohan, A. K. (2026) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2026.115991

Enhancing online privacy: a novel dual autoencoder framework for detecting sensitive information

Muralitharan, J., & Chandrasekar, A. (2026) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-026-02701-9

Cognitive–Proactive Unified Framework for Anticipating and Preventing Cyberviolence Exploiting Human Vulnerabilities on Social Media

Eddine, B. A., Nouriss, I., & Mandar, M. (2026) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-23035-5_11

An Unsupervised Subspace Weighting Co-Clustering Framework for Hate Speech Detection Patterns in Social Media

ALghafri, M., Khan, I., & Abdesselam, A. (2026) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai7060204

Swarm-Inspired Ensemble Framework for Offensive Language Detection Using Transformer Models

Ko, Y. T., Mohiuddin, G. M., & Kimpan, W. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-26319-3_9

LEXF-ATT-XLM: A hybrid lexicon-enhanced attention model for hate speech detection in low-resource language Roman Urdu

Awan, J. J., Hamid, M., & Alshalali, T. A. N. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0354875

Detecting Abusive Comments on Social Media for Safe and Sustainable Digital Communities Using a Deep Learning Approach

Geetha, T., & Hema, C. (2026) · International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC) · doi:10.1109/icisc69558.2026.11681088

Detecting Explicit Hate Comment and Sarcasm in Multilingual Indonesian-English Tweets Using mDeBERTaV3

Lengkong, K., Jovanna, J., Benhard, S., & Suhartono, D. (2026) · International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS) · doi:10.1109/iciss71466.2026.11715293

A Transformer-based Hybrid Model for Context-aware Multilingual Comment Grading

Thivaharan, S., & Srivatsun, D. G. (2026) · International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems · doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01606-3

Research on an English Sign Language Bidirectional Real-time Translation Assistance System Integrating SAM-2 and Multimodal Large Models

Xie, D. (2026) · Systems and Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.sasc.2026.200673

Detection of Abusive Language for YouTube Comments in Urdu and Roman Urdu using CLSTM Model

Rajput, V., & Sikarwar, S. S. (2025) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.03.214 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Abusive Language Detection in Urdu Text: Leveraging Deep Learning and Attention Mechanism

Khan, A., Ahmed, A., Jan, S., Bilal, M., & Zuhairi, M. F. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3370232 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Abusive Language Detection on Romanized Bengali and Bengali-English Code-Mixed Dataset by Deep Learning Models

Mandal, J., Choudhary, R. R., Meena, G., & Barman, M. (2025) · Springer tracts in human-centered computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1761-6_39

RU-OLD: A Comprehensive Analysis of Offensive Language Detection in Roman Urdu Using Hybrid Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Transformer Models

Zain, M., Hussain, N., Qasim, A., Mehak, G., Ahmad, F., Sidorov, G., & Gelbukh, A. F. (2025) · Algorithms · doi:10.3390/a18070396 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Cyberbullying Classification for Multilingual Context Using Deep Learning

Gaayathri, M., Jenet Shirely, J., Hrudya, S., Rajasekaran, N., Ramkumar, S., & Krithika, S. (2026) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications Theme: Healthcare and Internet of Things (AIMLA) · doi:10.1109/aimla67915.2026.11522531