The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Accuracy of augmented reality-assisted pedicle screw placement: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Conventional freehand methods of pedicle screw placement are associated with significant complications due to close proximity to neural and vascular structures. Recent advances in augmented reality surgical navigation (ARSN) have led to its adoption into spine surgery. However, little is known regarding its overall accuracy. The purpose of this study is to delineate the overall accuracy of ARSN pedicle screw placement across various models. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted of Medline/PubMed, Cochrane and Embase Library databases according to the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant data extracted included reports of pedicle screw placement accuracy and breaches, as defined by the Gertzbein-Robbins classification, in addition to deviation from pre-planned trajectory and entry point. Accuracy was defined as the summation of grade 0 and grade 1 events per the Gertzbein-Robbins classification. RESULTS: Twenty studies reported clinically accurate placed screws. The range of clinically accurate placed screws was 26.3-100%, with 2095 screws (93.1%) being deemed clinically accurate. Furthermore, 5.4% (112/2088) of screws were reported as grade two breaches, 1.6% (33/2088) grade 3 breaches, 3.1% (29/926) medial breaches and 2.3% (21/926) lateral breaches. Mean linear deviation ranged from 1.3 to 5.99 mm, while mean angular/trajectory deviation ranged 1.6°-5.88°. CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlight the overall accuracy of ARSN pedicle screw placement. However, further robust prospective studies are needed to accurately compare to conventional methods of pedicle screw placement.
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“While AR technology has been developed for various applications in healthcare and education, its use in a blended-reality approach is considered effective for administering CBT, particularly for SAD [28,29,30,31,32].”
From Advancing Undergraduate Student Mental Healthcare of Social Anxiety Disorder: Evaluating the Acceptance of AR-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Through TAM-Based Constructs. (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
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Citations
Cites
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InfluentialAugmented reality-navigated pedicle screw placement: a cadaveric pilot study
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InfluentialFarshad, M., Spirig, J. M., Suter, D., Hoch, A., Burkhard, M. D., Liebmann, F., Farshad‐Amacker, N. A., & Fürnstahl, P. (2021) · North American Spine Society Journal (NASSJ) · doi:10.1016/j.xnsj.2021.100084 · Cited by 25 · cited 8×
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Influential
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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Cited by
Revolutionizing spine surgery with emerging AI–FEA integration
Franceschini, C., Ahmadi, M., Zhang, X., Wu, K. L., Lin, M., Weston, R., Rodio, A., Tang, Y., Engeberg, E. D., Pires, G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Robotic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11701-025-02772-w · Cited by 29
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“Youssef et al. [2] conducted a systematic review on the accuracy of AR-assisted pedicle screw placement.”
BackgroundInfluentialShcherbakova, Y. M., Lafranca, P. P. G., Foppen, W., van der Velden, T. A., Nievelstein, R. A. J., Castelein, R. M., Ito, K., Seevinck, P. R., & Schlösser, T. P. C. (2024) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111542 · Cited by 16
“Moreover, the accepted standard error that represents a true change in spinal curvature is considered to be 5 ◦ , and the average angulation error of spinal navigation systems is approximately 2 – 6 ◦ [34,35].”
Wearable Devices in Scoliosis Treatment: A Scoping Review of Innovations and Challenges
Veisari, S. F., Bidari, S., Barati, K., Atlasi, R., & Komeili, A. (2025) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering12070696 · Cited by 11
MacLeod, J., Compton, T. M., Bakaes, Y., Chopra, A., Akwuole, F. N., Christenson, C., & Hsu, W. K. (2025) · Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12178-025-09972-9 · Cited by 10
“…demonstrated accurate screw placement in cadaveric and clinical studies through real-time visualization, suggesting its potential as a viable training modality for surgeons in the early stages of their careers, those transitioning to new systems and as an adjunct for experienced surgeons [ 18–23 ].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Youssef, S., McDonnell, J. M., Wilson, K. V., Turley, L., Cunniffe, G., Morris, S., Darwish, S., & Butler, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Tallaght University Hospital (IE)
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Wilson, Kielan V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Spine Journal
- Published
- 2024-01-04
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 974-984
- ISSN
- 0940-6719 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0932
- OpenAlex
- W4390576596
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
- Locations
- European Spine Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University College Dublin
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Augmented Reality Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone fractures and treatments
- Keywords
- augmented reality surgical navigation, pedicle screw placement, placement accuracy, Gertzbein-Robbins classification, trajectory deviation, spinal surgery
- MeSH terms
- Augmented Reality, Humans, Prospective Studies, Spinal Fusion, Surgery, Computer-Assisted, Pedicle Screws
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