Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health
Abstract
Glycine is a major amino acid in mammals and other animals. It is synthesized from serine, threonine, choline, and hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Under normal feeding conditions, glycine is not adequately synthesized in birds or in other animals, particularly in a diseased state. Glycine degradation occurs through three pathways: the glycine cleavage system (GCS), serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and conversion to glyoxylate by peroxisomal D-amino acid oxidase. Among these pathways, GCS is the major enzyme to initiate glycine degradation to form ammonia and CO2 in animals. In addition, glycine is utilized for the biosynthesis of glutathione, heme, creatine, nucleic acids, and uric acid. Furthermore, glycine is a significant component of bile acids secreted into the lumen of the small intestine that is necessary for the digestion of dietary fat and the absorption of long-chain fatty acids. Glycine plays an important role in metabolic regulation, anti-oxidative reactions, and neurological function. Thus, this nutrient has been used to: (1) prevent tissue injury; (2) enhance anti-oxidative capacity; (3) promote protein synthesis and wound healing; (4) improve immunity; and (5) treat metabolic disorders in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, cancers, and various inflammatory diseases. These multiple beneficial effects of glycine, coupled with its insufficient de novo synthesis, support the notion that it is a conditionally essential and also a functional amino acid for mammals (including pigs and humans).
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Glycine is related to insulin resistance and oxidative stress through its essential role in gluconeogenesis and glutathione formation.
“Glycine is related to insulin resistance and oxidative stress by its essential role in gluconeogenesis and the formation of glutathione (40).”
From Amino acids, lipid metabolites, and ferritin as potential mediators linking red meat consumption to type 2 diabetes (2015) · cites this paper as [40]
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The interplay between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
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- Authors
- Wang, W., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, J., & Wu, G.
- Affiliations
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Zhenlong
- Wu, Guoyao
- Venue
- Amino Acids
- Published
- 2013-04-25
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 463-477
- ISSN
- 0939-4451 (ISSN-L)
- 1438-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2035104998
- Cited by
- 766
- References
- 191
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Amino Acids (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- glycine metabolism, glycine degradation, glycine cleavage system, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, glutathione synthesis, heme biosynthesis, creatine synthesis, bile acids, lipid digestion, antioxidant function, wound healing, immunity, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cancer, inflammatory diseases, conditionally essential amino acids
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Glycine, Health, Humans, Nutritional Requirements
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