Cited by 766Amino Acid Enzymes and MetabolismSulfur Compounds in BiologyAnimal Nutrition and Physiology

Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health

Wang, Weiwei, Wu, Zhenlong, Dai, Zhaolai, Yang, Ying, Wang, Junjun, Wu, Guoyao·2013·Amino Acids

Abstract

Glycine is a major amino acid in mammals and other animals. It is synthesized from serine, threonine, choline, and hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Under normal feeding conditions, glycine is not adequately synthesized in birds or in other animals, particularly in a diseased state. Glycine degradation occurs through three pathways: the glycine cleavage system (GCS), serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and conversion to glyoxylate by peroxisomal D-amino acid oxidase. Among these pathways, GCS is the major enzyme to initiate glycine degradation to form ammonia and CO2 in animals. In addition, glycine is utilized for the biosynthesis of glutathione, heme, creatine, nucleic acids, and uric acid. Furthermore, glycine is a significant component of bile acids secreted into the lumen of the small intestine that is necessary for the digestion of dietary fat and the absorption of long-chain fatty acids. Glycine plays an important role in metabolic regulation, anti-oxidative reactions, and neurological function. Thus, this nutrient has been used to: (1) prevent tissue injury; (2) enhance anti-oxidative capacity; (3) promote protein synthesis and wound healing; (4) improve immunity; and (5) treat metabolic disorders in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, cancers, and various inflammatory diseases. These multiple beneficial effects of glycine, coupled with its insufficient de novo synthesis, support the notion that it is a conditionally essential and also a functional amino acid for mammals (including pigs and humans).

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Crossref · 10.1007/s00726-013-1493-1

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Authors
Wang, W., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, J., & Wu, G.
Affiliations
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Wu, Zhenlong
  • Wu, Guoyao
Venue
Amino Acids
Published
2013-04-25
Volume
45
Issue
3
Pages
463-477
ISSN
  • 0939-4451 (ISSN-L)
  • 1438-2199
OpenAlex
W2035104998
Cited by
766
References
191
Citations by year
2026: 55 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 7
FWCI
3.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Amino Acids (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Keywords
glycine metabolism, glycine degradation, glycine cleavage system, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, glutathione synthesis, heme biosynthesis, creatine synthesis, bile acids, lipid digestion, antioxidant function, wound healing, immunity, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cancer, inflammatory diseases, conditionally essential amino acids
MeSH terms
Animals, Glycine, Health, Humans, Nutritional Requirements

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