The role of emotion regulation in the experience of menstrual symptoms and perceived control over anxiety-related events across the menstrual cycle
Open accessAbstract
Hormonal variation throughout the menstrual cycle is posited to impact various physical and mental health symptoms; however, this is not observed in all women and mechanisms are not well understood. Difficulty in emotion regulation may elucidate differences that women experience in physical and mental health functioning between menstrual phases. We examined the moderating role of difficulty in emotion regulation in the relation between menstrual phase and menstrual symptom severity and perceived control over anxiety-related events, in healthy, regularly menstruating women. The participants were 37 women (M age = 26.5, SD = 9.6). A series of regression analyses were used to examine whether individual differences in emotion regulation difficulties moderate the relation between menstrual phase and our outcomes, severity of menstrual symptoms and perceived control over anxiety-related events, using a within-subjects design. The analyses revealed that difficulty in emotion regulation significantly moderated the relation between menstrual phase and perceived control over anxiety-related events (β = -0.42, p < .05), but not menstrual symptom severity. Women who reported higher emotion regulation difficulty experienced greater differences in perceived control over anxiety-related events between menstrual phases. Specifically, women with lower difficulty in emotion regulation report greater increase in control over anxiety during the late luteal phase compared to women with higher emotion regulation difficulty. Difficulty in emotion regulation may play an important role in understanding differences in menstrual phase-associated impairments, thereby informing the development of targeted interventions for vulnerable women.
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Manikandan et al. (2016) concluded that it is each woman's emotional regulation capacity, and not her menstrual cycle phase, that determines her ability to control stress/anxiety.
“Similarly, Manikandan et al. (2016) concluded that it is each woman's emotional regulation capacity, and not her menstrual cycle phase, that determines her ability to control stress/anxiety.”
From The relationship between the menstrual cycle and cortisol secretion: Daily and stress-invoked cortisol patterns (2018) · cites this paper as Manikandan et al. (2016)
The Discussion reports that women with less difficulty regulating emotions perceived greater control over anxiety-related events in both phases, and that there was no average main effect of phase. But it also reports a phase-dependent increase in perceived control among those women. The study measured perceived control, not an ability to control stress or anxiety, so the claim's exclusive and causal wording overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Psychiatric Symptoms Across the Menstrual Cycle in Adult Women: A Comprehensive Review
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- Authors
- Manikandan, S., Nillni, Y. I., Zvolensky, M. J., Rohan, K. J., Carkeek, K. R., & Leyro, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Boston University (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leyro, Teresa M.
- Venue
- Archives of Women s Mental Health
- Published
- 2016-08-25
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1109-1117
- ISSN
- 1434-1816 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1102
- PMC
- PMC6730650
- OpenAlex
- W2511419590
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Women s Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R36MH086170-01A1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, menstrual symptoms, menstrual cycle phases, perceived control, anxiety, luteal phase, hormonal variation, women's mental health
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Adult, Anxiety, Emotions, Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Premenstrual Syndrome, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological, Students
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