Animating the Carbon Cycle

Schmitz, Oswald J., Raymond, Peter A., Estes, James A., Kurz, Werner A., Holtgrieve, Gordon W., Ritchie, Mark E., Schindler, Daniel E., Spivak, Amanda C. +7 more·2014·Ecosystems

Cited by (236)

Items 101–200 of 236

  1. Grazers structure the bacterial and algal diversity of aquatic metacommunities.
    J. Birtel, B. Matthews · 2016 · Ecology
  2. High interspecific variation in nutrient excretion within a guild of closely related caddisfly species
    Jared A. Balik, Brad W. Taylor, Susan E. Washko, Scott A. Wissinger · 2018 · Ecosphere
  3. Invasive mussels regulate nutrient cycling in the largest freshwater ecosystem on Earth
    Michael J. Vanni · 2021 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  4. Phylogenetic conservatism drives nutrient dynamics of coral reef fishes
    Jacob Edward Allgeier, Brian C. Weeks, Katrina S. Munsterman, Nina Wale, Seth J. Wenger, Valériano Parravicini, Nina M. D. Schiettekatte, Sébastien Villéger, Deron E. Burkepile · 2021 · Nature Communications
  5. Energy flows in ecosystems
    Just Cebrián · 2015 · Science
  6. Quantifying Contemporary Organic Carbon Stocks of the Baltic Sea Ecosystem
    Maike Iris Esther Scheffold, Inga Hense · 2020 · Frontiers in Marine Science
  7. High resilience of the mycorrhizal community to prescribed seasonal burnings in eastern Mediterranean woodlands
    Stav Livne‐Luzon, Hagai Shemesh, Yagil Osem, Yohay Carmel, Hen Migael, Yael Avidan, Anat Tsafrir, Sydney I. Glassman, Thomas D. Bruns, Ofer Ovadia · 2021 · Mycorrhiza
  8. Quantity–quality trade‐offs revealed using a multiscale test of herbivore resource selection on elemental landscapes
    Juliana Balluffi‐Fry, Shawn Leroux, Yolanda F. Wiersma, Travis R. Heckford, Matteo Rizzuto, Isabella C. Richmond, Eric Vander Wal · 2020 · Ecology and Evolution
  9. Distinguishing Rapid and Slow C Cycling Feedbacks to Grazing in Sub-arctic Tundra
    Henni Ylänne, Sari Stark · 2019 · Ecosystems
  10. Model responses to CO2 and warming are underestimated without explicit representation of Arctic small‐mammal grazing
    Edward B. Rastetter, Kevin Lee Griffin, Rebecca J. Rowe, Laura Gough, Jennie R. McLaren, Natalie T. Boelman · 2021 · Ecological Applications
  11. Ojibwe Perspectives Toward Proper Wolf Stewardship and Wisconsin’s February 2021 Wolf Hunting Season
    Jonathan H. Gilbert, Peter David, Michael W. Price, Jenny Oren · 2022 · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
  12. Ecological consequences of a single introduced species to the Antarctic: terrestrial impacts of the invasive midge Eretmoptera murphyi on Signy Island
    Jesamine Bartlett, Peter Convey, Kevin K. Newsham, Scott A. L. Hayward · 2023 · Soil Biology and Biochemistry
  13. Bushmeat biogeochemistry: hunting tropical mammals alters ecosystem phosphorus budgets
    Jedediah F. Brodie, Peter B. McIntyre · 2019 · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
  14. Green microfluidics in microchemical engineering for carbon neutrality
    Qingming Ma, Jianhong Xu · 2022 · Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering
  15. Structure and functioning of wild and agricultural grazing ecosystems: A comparative review
    Gary S. Kleppel, Douglas A. Frank · 2022 · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
  16. Net Climate Effects of Moose Browsing in Early Successional Boreal Forests by Integrating Carbon and Albedo Dynamics
    John Salisbury, Xiangping Hu, James D. M. Speed, Cristina-Maria Iordan, Gunnar Austrheim, Francesco Cherubini · 2023 · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
  17. Implications for the mesopelagic microbial gardening hypothesis as determined by experimental fragmentation of Antarctic krill fecal pellets
    Emma L. Cavan, So Kawaguchi, Philip W. Boyd · 2020 · Ecology and Evolution
  18. A review of recent advances in the study of geographical distribution and ecological functions of soil fauna diversity
    Shenglei Fu, Manqiang Liu, Weixin Zhang, Yuanhu Shao · 2022 · Biodiversity Science
  19. Forest Arthropod Diversity
    Christian Hébert · 2023 · Springer eBooks
  20. Patterns and potential drivers of intraspecific variability in the body C, N, and P composition of a terrestrial consumer, the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus )
    Matteo Rizzuto, Shawn Leroux, Eric Vander Wal, Yolanda F. Wiersma, Travis R. Heckford, Juliana Balluffi‐Fry · 2019 · Ecology and Evolution
  21. Zooplankton release complex dissolved organic matter to aquatic environments
    Sarah Ellen Johnston, Kerri P. Finlay, Robert G. M. Spencer, David Butman, Mackenzie Metz, Robert G. Striegl, Matthew J. Bogard · 2021 · Biogeochemistry
  22. Relationships among protozoa, bacteria and fungi in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils
    Jingqi Du, Tong Jia, Jinxian Liu, Baofeng Chai · 2024 · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
  23. Ecosystem flux and biotic modification as drivers of metaecosystem dynamics
    Romana Limberger, Julia Birtel, Daniel da Silva Farias, Blake Matthews · 2017 · Ecology
  24. Multiple pathways of C and N incorporation by consumers across an experimental gradient of salmon carcasses
    Peter M. Kiffney, Sean M. Naman, Jeremy M. Cram, Martin C. Liermann, D.G. Burrows · 2018 · Ecosphere
  25. Fish Mediate Surface Soil Methane Oxidation in the Agriculture Heritage Rice–Fish System
    Lufeng Zhao, Ranxin Dai, Taojie Zhang, Liang Guo, Qiyue Luo, Jingxuan Chen, Shenyun Zhu, Xincheng Xu, Jianjun Tang, Liangliang Hu et al. · 2023 · Ecosystems
  26. Land–Sea Coupling and Global-Driven Forcing: Following Some of Scott Nixon’s Challenges
    Iván Valiela, Megan K. Bartholomew · 2014 · Estuaries and Coasts
  27. Airborne laser scanning reveals uniform responses of forest structure to moose ( Alces alces ) across the boreal forest biome
    Tanja K. Petersen, Anders Lorentzen Kolstad, Jari Kouki, Shawn Leroux, Lynette R. Potvin, Jean‐Pierre Tremblay, Märtha Wallgren, Fredrik Widemo, Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt, Coline Courtois et al. · 2023 · Journal of Ecology
  28. A Scientific Basis for Designation of the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument
    Peter J. Auster, Brooke C. Hodge, Michael P. McKee, Scott D. Kraus · 2020 · Frontiers in Marine Science
  29. Small herbivores with big impacts: Tundra voles (Microtus oeconomus) alter post‐fire ecosystem dynamics
    Jess K. Steketee, Adrian V. Rocha, Laura Gough, Kevin Lee Griffin, Ian Klupar, Ruby An, Nicole Williamson, Rebecca J. Rowe · 2022 · Ecology
  30. Estimating Reservoir Storage Variations by Combining Sentinel-2 and 3 Measurements in the Yliki Reservoir, Greece
    Nikolaos Gourgouletis, Georgios Bariamis, Marios N. Anagnostou, Evangelos A. Baltas · 2022 · Remote Sensing
  31. Advancing surrogate-rearing methods to enhance southern sea otter recovery
    Teri E. Nicholson, Karl A. Mayer, Sandrine H. Hazan, Michael J. Murray, Kyle S. Van Houtan, Christine M. DeAngelo, Andrew B. Johnson, Jessica A. Fujii · 2023 · Biological Conservation
  32. Carbon and nitrogen storage in Australian Sphagnum peatlands: The influence of feral horse degradation
    Sarah Treby, Samantha Grover · 2024 · Journal of Environmental Management
  33. Higher Trophic Levels Overwhelm Climate Change Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystem Functioning
    Shannon L. Pelini, Audrey M. Maran, Angus R. Chen, Justine Kaseman, Thomas Ward Crowther · 2015 · PLoS ONE
  34. Multi-elemental consumer-driven nutrient cycling when predators feed on different prey
    Colton Herzog, Jacob T. Reeves, Yetkin Ipek, Andrea Jilling, Dror Hawlena, Shawn M. Wilder · 2023 · Oecologia
  35. Global marine conservation priorities for sustaining marine productivity, preserving biodiversity and addressing climate change
    Solange Fermepin, James E. M. Watson, Hedley S. Grantham, Martín Mendez · 2024 · Marine Policy
  36. Ground beetle trophic interactions alter available nitrogen in forest soil
    Janey R. Lienau, Marlyse C. Duguid, Oswald J. Schmitz · 2024 · Oikos
  37. Fractional and stochastic dynamics of predator–prey systems: The role of fear and global warming
    Ashraf Adnan Thirthar, Abdesslem Lamrani Alaoui, Subarna Roy, Pankaj Kumar Tiwari · 2025 · The European Physical Journal B
  38. How more sophisticated leaf biomass simulations can increase the realism of modelled animal populations
    Jens Krause, Mike B. J. Harfoot, Selwyn Hoeks, Peter M. Anthoni, Calum Brown, Mark Rounsevell, Almut Arneth · 2022 · Ecological Modelling
  39. The net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) at catchment scales in the Arctic
    Efrèn López‐Blanco, Maria Väisänen, Élodie Salmon, Cheristy P. Jones, Niels Martin Schmidt, Hannu Marttila, Annalea Lohila, Sari Juutinen, Johan H. Scheller, Torben R. Christensen · 2025 · Frontiers in Environmental Science
  40. Investigating Hydroclimatic Variables Trends on the Natural Lakes of Western Greece Using Earth Observation Data
    Nikolaos Gourgouletis, Evangelos A. Baltas · 2023 · Sensors
  41. Carbon Sinks and Sources
    Lee Hannah · 2014 · Elsevier eBooks
  42. Grazing in Arctic peatlands—an unknown agent in the global carbon budget
    Sari Stark, Henni Ylänne · 2015 · Environmental Research Letters
  43. Factors influencing the development and implementation of national greenhouse gas inventory methodologies
    Leehi Yona, Benjamin William Cashore, Mark A. Bradford · 2022 · Policy Design and Practice
  44. Global Conservation Potential in Coral Reef Halos: Consistency over Space, Time, and Ecosystems Worldwide
    Elizabeth M. P. Madin, Kristin Precoda, Chris Roelfsema, Aviv Suan · 2022 · The American Naturalist
  45. Human recreation shapes the local scale impact of ungulates on the carbon pools of a temperate coniferous forest
    Walter Di Nicola, Bjorn Mols, Christian Smit · 2023 · Global Ecology and Conservation
  46. Shifts in soil C stabilization mechanisms are linked to reindeer-induced changes in plant communities and associated fungi in subarctic tundra
    Anne Tyvijärvi, Sari Stark, Henni Ylänne, Carles Castaño, Bartosz Adamczyk · 2024 · Soil Biology and Biochemistry
  47. Dynamics of greenhouse gas emission induced by different burrowing activities of fossorial vertebrates in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem
    Yan Fang Zhou, Jing Lei, Shengwu Jiao, Anping Chen, Nana Li, Jialin Lei, Meng Yang, Yifei Jia, Lü Cai, Guangchun Lei · 2019 · International Journal of Biometeorology
  48. A global estimate of terrestrial net secondary production of primary consumers
    Garrett M. Street, Gordon G. McNickle · 2019 · Global Ecology and Biogeography
  49. Animating the critical zone: beavers as critical zone engineers
    Clifford Adamchak, Katherine B. Lininger, Eve‐Lyn S. Hinckley · 2025 · Frontiers in Water
  50. Global Tiger Density Linked With Forest Carbon Stock, Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up
    Nathan James Roberts, Abishek Harihar, Xuhui Zhou, Wen She, Guangshun Jiang · 2025 · Global Change Biology
  51. Airborne laser scanning reveals increased growth and complexity of boreal forest canopies across a network of ungulate exclosures in Norway
    Anders Lorentzen Kolstad, Ingrid Bekken Snøan, Gunnar Austrheim, Ole Martin Bollandsås, Erling Johan Solberg, James D. M. Speed · 2021 · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation
  52. Riqueza y Abundancia de Mamíferos Carnívoros en dos Áreas con Distinto Grado de Intervención en el Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco (Guayas-Ecuador)
    Cristian Barros‐Diaz, Mauricio Macías, Jaime Antonio Salas · 2018 · Investigatio
  53. U.S. imperiled species are most vulnerable to habitat loss on private lands
    Adam J. Eichenwald, Michael J. Evans, Jacob Malcom · 2019 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
  54. Carbon Dynamics in Wetlands
    Karl Matthias Wantzen, Felix Beer, Hermann F. Jungkunst, Stephan Glatzel · 2022 · Elsevier eBooks
  55. Disentangling Ecosystem Necromass Dynamics for Biodiversity Conservation
    Philip S. Barton, Nick L. Schultz, Nathan J. Butterworth, Michael D. Ulyshen, Patricia Mateo‐Tomás, Thomas M. Newsome · 2024 · Ecosystems
  56. The Legacy of Ecosystem Effects Caused by Adaptive Radiation
    Bänz Lundsgaard-Hansen, Blake Matthews, Thierry Aebischer, Ole Seehausen C D · 2017 · Copeia
  57. Animal-vectored nutrient flows across resource gradients influence the nature of local and meta-ecosystem functioning
    Matteo Rizzuto, Shawn Leroux, Oswald J. Schmitz, Eric Vander Wal, Yolanda F. Wiersma, Travis R. Heckford · 2023 · Ecological Modelling
  58. Grazing Effects on Plant Nitrogen use in a Temperate Grassland
    Douglas A. Frank · 2020 · Rangeland Ecology & Management
  59. Development of a multi-scale monitoring programme: approaches for the Arctic and lessons learned from the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme 2002-2022
    Tom Barry, Tom Christensen, Carolina Behe, Catherine C. Coon, Joseph M. Culp, Dag Vongraven, Sierra Fletcher, Micheal Gill, Willem Goedkoop, Reidar Hindrum et al. · 2023 · Frontiers in Conservation Science
  60. Yale School Forests, New England, United States of America
    Mark S. Ashton, Marlyse C. Duguid, Alex L. Barrett, Kristofer Covey · 2015 · Elsevier eBooks
  61. The Biogeochemistry of Natural Climate Solutions Based on Fish, Fisheries, and Marine Mammals: A Review of Current Evidence, Research Needs, and Critical Assessment of Readiness
    James R. Collins, Mattias Cape, Robert Boenish, Claudia R. Benitez‐Nelson, Scott C. Doney, Rod M. Fujita, Steven D. Gaines, Rebecca L. Gruby, Di Jin, Hyewon Kim et al. · 2025 · Global Biogeochemical Cycles
  62. Abundant top predators increase species interaction network complexity in northeastern Chinese forests
    Wen She, Marcel Holyoak, Jiayin Gu, Jinzhe Qi, Shuyan Liu, Guangshun Jiang · 2025 · Journal of Animal Ecology
  63. Context-dependent consumer control in New England tidal wetlands
    Alex C. Moore · 2018 · PLoS ONE
  64. Low-intensity insect herbivory could have large effects on ecosystem productivity through reduced canopy photosynthesis
    Kristiina Visakorpi, Sofia Gripenberg, Yadvinder Singh Malhi, Terhi Riutta · 2024 · Web Ecology
  65. A novel, self‐contained benthic chamber design for conducting freshwater ecosystem experiments
    Jonathan W. Lopez, Matthew B. Lodato, Taylor C. Michael, Lauren M. Morris, Carla L. Atkinson · 2025 · Limnology and Oceanography Methods
  66. Trading off nature for nature‐based solutions: The bioeconomics of forest management for wildlife, timber, and carbon
    Jonah Ury, Matthew J. Kotchen, Oswald J. Schmitz · 2024 · Ecosphere
  67. Zoogeochemical impacts of freshwater mussels on stream metabolism are mediated by their ecophysiological and behavioral traits
    Jonathan W. Lopez, Matthew B. Lodato, Carla L. Atkinson · 2024 · Freshwater Science
  68. Herbivores override climate control of grassland production in Yellowstone National Park
    Douglas A. Frank, Jason D. Fridley · 2025 · Ecology
  69. Modelling herbivory impacts on vegetation structure and productivity
    Jens Krause, Peter M. Anthoni, Mike B. J. Harfoot, Moritz Kupisch, Almut Arneth · 2025 · Geoscientific model development
  70. Contrasting impacts of short‐ and long‐term large herbivore exclusion on understory net CO 2 exchange in a boreal forest
    Noora Kantola, Maria Väisänen, Alan Joshua Leffler, J. M. Welker · 2023 · Ecography
  71. Informing the Grazing Debate With Empirical Data on Black Wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) Patch Use
    Steven McGregor, Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt, Mariska te Beest, Graham I. H. Kerley · 2024 · Rangeland Ecology & Management
  72. Spider waste enhances soil nutrient content, soil respiration, and plant growth
    Shawn M. Wilder, Cody L. Barnes, Gabriella Smith, Noha H. Youssef, Dror Hawlena · 2024 · Functional Ecology
  73. Predator contributions to belowground responses to warming
    Audrey M. Maran, Shannon L. Pelini · 2016 · Ecosphere
  74. Effects of fish predators and litter pack size on leaf breakdown in a subtropical stream
    Chih-Wei Tsai, Sen-Her Shieh, Yahui Huang, Mei-Yin Lai · 2018 · Hydrobiologia
  75. Cold-water coral mounds are effective carbon sinks in the western Mediterranean Sea
    Luis Greiffenhagen, Jürgen Titschack, Claudia Wienberg, Haozhuang Wang, Dierk Hebbeln · 2025 · Biogeosciences
  76. Grazing in a megagrazer‐dominated savanna does not reduce soil carbon stocks, even at high intensities
    Olli Hyvärinen, Mariska te Beest, Elizabeth le Roux, Graham I. H. Kerley, Nicola J. Findlay, Walter D. C. Schenkeveld, Victor Johannes Trouw, Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt · 2023 · Oikos
  77. Ecosystem effects of intraspecific variation in a colour polymorphic amphibian
    Sean T. Giery, Reese K. Sloan, James Watson, Autumn Groesbeck, Jon M. Davenport · 2024 · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
  78. Climate and ecosystem type affect the correlated evolution of body size and trophic position in fishes
    Guilherme Dalponti, Adriano Caliman, Josef C. Uyeda, Rafael Dettogni Guariento · 2024 · Global Ecology and Biogeography
  79. Direct and indirect effects of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, on the structure and function of stream ecosystems in the northern range mountains of Trinidad
    Troy N. Simon · 2015
  80. Does insect herbivory suppress ecosystem productivity? Evidence from a temperate woodland
    Kristiina Visakorpi, Sofia Gripenberg, Yadvinder Singh Malhi, Terhi Riutta · 2021 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
  81. Advancing general ecosystem models ( GEMs ): Towards a mechanistic understanding of the biosphere in the light of the Anthropocene
    Joachim Paul Töpper, Selwyn Hoeks, Florian Hartig, Anders Lorentzen Kolstad, Marlee A. Tucker, Jesamine Bartlett, Kim Magnus Bærum, Joseph Daniel Chipperfield, Michael Harfoot, Mark A. J. Huijbregts et al. · 2025 · Ecological Solutions and Evidence
  82. Composition and Bioreactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter Leachates From End Members in a Mountain to Prairie Transitional River Valley
    Xingzi Zhou, Laura A. Logozzo, Sarah Ellen Johnston, Lauren Zink, Armi‐Lee Amerila, Matthew J. Bogard · 2024 · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
  83. Arthropod Food Webs in the Foreland of a Retreating Greenland Glacier: Integrating Molecular Gut Content Analysis With Structural Equation Modelling
    Ejgil Gravesen, Lenka Dušátková, Kacie J. Athey, Jiayi Qin, Paul Henning Krogh · 2024 · Ecology and Evolution
  84. American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) as wetland ecosystem carbon stock regulators
    Christopher M. Murray, Tyler Steven Coleman, Wray Gabel, Ken W. Krauss · 2025 · Scientific Reports
  85. Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential in Achieving the Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)
    Priyanka Saha, Sougata Roy, Suchismita Satapathy, Sabyasachi Koley, Gunturi Alekhya, Ayan Sarkar · 2025 · Springer eBooks
  86. No changes in contributions of echinoderms to the carbon budgets in shelf seas of China over the past five decades
    Shaofei Jin, Xiaodong Yan, Heng Zhang, Ning Xiao, Junlong Zhang, Wenliang Liu, Zhe Xiong · 2015 · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
  87. Green sloths and brown cows: the role of dominant mammalian herbivores in carbon emissions for tropical agro‐ecosystems
    Jonathan N. Pauli, Cayelan C. Carey, M. Zachariah Peery · 2017 · Mammal Review
  88. Functional substitutability of native herbivores by livestock for soil carbon depends on microbial decomposers
    Shamik Roy, D. Naidu, S. Bagchi · 2022 · bioRxiv
  89. White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Exclusion Shifts Soil Carbon Dynamics in Mature Oak-Dominated and Hemlock-Dominated Forest Stands
    Jessica B. Moon, Beth C. Norman, Elad Shdaimah, Ned Fetcher, M. Siobhan Fennessy · 2025 · Ecosystems
  90. Predicting carbon storage in North American maritime boreal forests under combined disturbances
    Emmerson R. Wilson, Shawn Leroux, Rachael Moran, Darroch M. Whitaker, Yolanda F. Wiersma · 2025 · Landscape Ecology
  91. Context-dependent effects of deer on aboveground carbon stocks in the regenerative tree layer in temperate and boreal forests: A meta-analysis
    Klara Leander Oh, Gunnar Austrheim, Julien Béguin, Marcin Churski, Steeve D. Côté, Anders Lorentzen Kolstad, Dries P. J. Kuijper, A.T. Kuiters, Jeffery L. Larkin, Halie Parker Larkin et al. · 2025 · Global Ecology and Conservation
  92. Exploring sociocultural connections for conserving large carnivore habitats for biodiversity and climate friendly landscape management: Case study from the Sundarbans in Bangladesh
    Shamik Chakraborty, Raja Ram Chandra Timilsina, Mostafizur Rahman, Binaya Kumar Mishra, Subir Sen, Rashed Al Mahmud Titumir · 2026 · APN Science Bulletin
  93. Carbon sequestering using remote sensing
    Daniel Rotko, Danijela Ignjatović Stupar · 2019 · SPIE Conference on Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology
  94. Valuing nature : ethical considerations of biodiversity in sustainability science
    Jonathan Bartling · 2016 · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
  95. The effects of temperature on stream ecosystem structure, secondary production, and food web dynamics
    James R. Junker · 2019 · Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)
  96. Individuals scale up carbon flow in ecosystems
    Just Cebrián · 2015 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  97. Carbon Cycling Models: Assessing Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Defined Area
    Søren Nors Nielsen · 2015 · Taylor & Francis eBooks
  98. Including seed dispersers into individual-based forest models
    Fabio Soares Frazao · 2018 · Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University)
  99. Greenhouse Gases, Atmosphere, and Climates
    Chadwick Dearing Oliver, Fatma Arf Oliver · 2018 · Cambridge University Press eBooks
  100. References
    2015 · Elsevier eBooks