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Cited by 7Augmented Reality ApplicationsVirtual Reality Applications and ImpactsInteractive and Immersive Displays

SkillAR: omnipresent in-situ feedback for motor skill training using AR

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Diller, Florian, Henkel, Nico, Scheuermann, Gerik, Wiebel, Alexander·2025·Virtual Reality
DOI 10.1007/s10055-025-01108-1

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Abstract

We present a novel technique called SkillAR to display augmented reality feedback for motor skill learning on a head-mounted display (HMD). SkillAR allows the user to consider movement corrections independent of the head position. Therefore, the user can receive motor feedback comfortably without risking an incorrect exercise performance. Head-mounted displays represent versatile technologies for providing motor feedback regarding skill training. In contrast to room-mounted displays, HMDs are easily portable and wearable. That allows for in-situ feedback in many situations where this would otherwise not be possible. However, the spatial positioning of the 3D feedback is not trivial. On the one hand, the user needs to understand the relation between the body and the suggested corrections in the space. On the other hand, certain exercises demand a specific head positioning to minimize errors and injuries. Depending on the exercise and the type of feedback, these two aspects can be highly conflicting. The paper at hand presents a solution for augmented reality headsets, that provides continuous and omnipresent motor feedback comfortably while facilitating a correct exercise performance. In an in-subject user study with 39 participants, we could not detect a significant disadvantage to SkillAR compared to conventional feedback methods found in the literature regarding identification and execution time as well as identification accuracy, in addition to the apparent major advantages for user health and usability. Furthermore, we found that the users could identify the feedback on the HMD more accurately.

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  • A mobile AR intervention in elementary school children produced significant differences in gross motor development measured by TGMD-2.

    “Diller et al., 2025) conducted a mobile AR intervention on elementary school children and found significant differences in gross motor development with the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2).”

    From Real-time feedback enhances motor learning and motivation in youth team sports through augmented reality tools (2025) · cites this paper as Diller et al., 2025

    Section 4.1 reports 32 participants aged 22–61, not elementary-school children. Section 4.4 says the study assessed comprehension of AR feedback rather than motor development, and Section 6 reports no significant difference in pose-imitation accuracy. The cited paper therefore does not report a significant TGMD-2 difference in children. (LLM, conf=0.90)

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  • A head-worn AR system with ongoing spatial feedback (SkillAR) improved movement patterns with orientation-free corrections.

    “Diller et al. (2025) introduced SkillAR, a head-worn AR-based system with ongoing spatial feedback that showed success in improving movement patterns with orientation-free corrections.”

    From Real-time feedback enhances motor learning and motivation in youth team sports through augmented reality tools (2025) · cites this paper as Diller et al. (2025)

    The Abstract and System overview describe SkillAR as a head-worn AR system that provides continuous feedback and lets users consider movement corrections independently of head position. However, the Discussion reports no significant difference from a room-mounted display in pose-imitation accuracy; the study showed better identification of corrections, not an improvement in movement patterns. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Diller, F., Henkel, N., Scheuermann, G., & Wiebel, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Applied Sciences Worms (DE)
  • Leipzig University (DE)
Corresponding author
  • Diller, Florian
  • Scheuermann, Gerik
ORCID
Venue
Virtual Reality
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2025-02-04
Volume
29
Issue
1
ISSN
  • 1359-4338 (ISSN-L)
  • 1434-9957
DOI
10.1007/s10055-025-01108-1
OpenAlex
W4407143739
Cited by
7
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 2
FWCI
2.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Virtual Reality (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Hochschule Worms
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Augmented Reality Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Interactive and Immersive Displays
Keywords
motor skill training, head-mounted displays, motion correction, exercise performance, usability

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