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Cited by 120Intergenerational Family Dynamics and CaregivingAging and Gerontology ResearchAging, Elder Care, and Social Issues

Grandparenting, health, and well-being: A systematic literature review

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Danielsbacka, Mirkka, Křenková, Lenka, Tanskanen, Antti O.·2022·European Journal of Ageing
DOI 10.1007/s10433-021-00674-yPMC PMC9424377
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Abstract

Whether grandparenting is associated with improved health or well-being among older adults is a salient question in present-day aging societies. This systematic review compiles studies that consider the health or well-being outcomes of grandparenting, concerning (1) custodial grandparent families, where grandparents are raising grandchildren without parental presence; (2) three-generation households, where grandparents are living with adult children and grandchildren; and (3) non-coresiding grandparents, who are involved in the lives of their grandchildren. Review was based on literature searches conducted in September 2019 via Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Ebsco. We screened 3868 abstracts across four databases, and by following the PRISMA guidelines, we identified 92 relevant articles (117 studies) that were published between 1978 and 2019. In 68% of cases, custodial grandparenting was associated with decreased health or well-being of grandparents. The few studies considering the health or well-being of grandparents living in three-generation households provided mixed findings (39% positive; 39% negative). Finally, in 69% of cases, involvement of non-coresiding grandparents was associated with improved grandparental outcomes; however, there was only limited support for the prediction that involved grandparenting being causally associated with grandparental health or well-being. Despite this, after different robustness checks (counting all nonsignificant results, taking into account the representativeness of the data and causal methodology), the main finding remains the same: the most negative results are found among custodial grandparents and three-generation households and most positive results among non-coresiding grandparents.

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  • Grandparent caregivers report poorer self-rated health, increased functional impairment, exacerbation of chronic illness, and higher viral illness transmission compared to non-caregivers.

    “Grandparent caregivers—many managing chronic conditions (Boersma et al., 2020)—report poorer self-rated health, increased functional impairment, exacerbation of chronic illness, and higher viral illness transmission compared to non-caregivers (Choi, 2020; Danielsbacka et al., 2022; Grinstead et al., 2003; Minkler & Fuller-Thomson, 1999).”

    From Grandparent Caregiving and Epigenetic Aging among Midlife and Older Adults in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Danielsbacka et al., 2022

    The Results (Custodial grandparents; page not provided) report poorer self-rated health and more limitations in daily activities among custodial grandparents than their non-custodial counterparts. The review does not establish exacerbation of chronic illness or higher viral illness transmission, and its finding does not apply uniformly to all grandparent caregivers. (LLM, conf=0.89)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Grandparent caregiving is an important social determinant of health.

    “A growing body of literature highlights grandparent caregiving as an important social determinant of health (Danielsbacka et al., 2022; Kelley et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2016)”

    From Grandparent Caregiving and Epigenetic Aging among Midlife and Older Adults in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Danielsbacka et al., 2022

    The Discussion and implications section reports associations between grandparent caregiving and grandparents’ health, with outcomes differing by caregiving arrangement. But it emphasizes that strong causal evidence is scarce, so describing caregiving as an established health determinant goes beyond what the review supports. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Moderate involvement may promote well-being, whereas intensive caregiving often imposes psychological and physical strain.

    “However, evidence suggests an ambivalent pattern: moderate involvement may promote well-being, whereas intensive caregiving often imposes psychological and physical strain (Danielsbacka et al., 2022).”

    From Grandparent Caregiving and Epigenetic Aging among Midlife and Older Adults in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Danielsbacka et al., 2022

  • Number of chronic conditions was included as a covariate in sensitivity analyses to assess whether associations between caregiving and epigenetic aging were independent of health status.

    “Number of chronic conditions ever experienced (ranging from autoimmune, cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes, digestive, lung, neurological, mental health, and substance use-related conditions) was utilized as a covariate in sensitivity analyses (Danielsbacka et al., 2022) to assess whether associations between caregiving and epigenetic aging were independent of health status.”

    From Grandparent Caregiving and Epigenetic Aging among Midlife and Older Adults in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Danielsbacka et al., 2022

    The Discussion and implications section discusses health decline and possible selection effects in grandparenting studies, but it does not describe using the number of chronic conditions as a covariate. Searches for chronic conditions, sensitivity analyses, and epigenetic aging found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed analysis; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Authors
Danielsbacka, M., Křenková, L., & Tanskanen, A. O.
Affiliations
  • University of Turku (FI)
  • Charles University (CZ)
Corresponding author
Danielsbacka, Mirkka
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Ageing
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-01-04
Volume
19
Issue
3
Pages
341-368
ISSN
  • 1613-9372 (ISSN-L)
  • 1613-9380
DOI
10.1007/s10433-021-00674-y
PMC
PMC9424377
OpenAlex
W4206637157
Cited by
120
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 35 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 8
FWCI
3.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • European Journal of Ageing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Academy of Finland (317808, 320162, 325857, 331400, 345183)
  • Koneen Säätiö
  • University of Turku (UTU) including Turku University Central Hospital
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
Keywords
grandparenting, three-generation family, well-being, older adults, intergenerational caregiving

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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