Polyphenols extracts from Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) Schmidt altered the motility and viability of Daphnia magna

“Samples were diluted with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent following the protocol described by Lowry (Lowry et al. 1951), for measured protein, but used for polyphenol detection, and the polyphenol absorbance was measured at 517 nm. Finally, total of 12 samples per year were frozen to avoid degradation…”

“A hypolocomotion response to water-born toxicants in D. magna has been described (Huang et al. 2017).”

“…are noted in the cell lines of native freshwater species, other species or biological models when representing a bioindicator for water quality (Venugopal 2002) and when evaluating whether D. geminata contamination can induce changes in river biota (Cifuentes et al. 2012; Montoya et al. 2012).”

“In Austral native freshwater ecosystems, the recent proliferation of Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) Schmidt (D. geminata) has become a significant concern because of the effect on the ecosystem services they provide (Reid and Torres 2014; Strayer 2010; Taylor and Bothwell 2014).”

“D. magna, due to its short life cycle, morphological characteristics and reproductive capacity, is a suitable organism for the study of toxins in aquatic environments (Baun et al. 2008; Gerhardt 2007).”

“In a large-scale ecological change in freshwater ecosystems, perturbations to macroscopic organisms are often documented (Ricciardi and MacIsaac 2000), suggesting the possibility thatD.”

“Moreover, this pennate microalgae is rich in antioxidants such as polyphenols and pigments including diadinoxanthin (Lohr and Wilhelm 1999), which was also reported as D. geminata polyphenol toxicity on two salmonid species cell lines (Olivares-Ferretti et al. 2019) and Salmo salar spermatozoa…”

“Considerable attention has been paid to this D. geminata problem, as it has invaded more than 187 rivers in many other countries (Blanco and Ector 2009; Gretz et al. 2007).”

“These effects are of great interest when considering whether the same effects are noted in the cell lines of native freshwater species, other species or biological models when representing a bioindicator for water quality (Venugopal 2002) and when evaluating whether D.”

“promoters (Whitton et al. 2009), higher microcystin dosage on D.”

“Considerable attention has been paid to this D. geminata problem, as it has invaded more than 187 rivers in many other countries (Blanco and Ector 2009; Gretz et al. 2007).”

“However, the D. magna enzymatic metabolism increase to chronic toxicity adaptation mechanism has also been described (Chen et al. 2005).”

“…2000), suggesting the possibility thatD. geminata polyphenol toxicity affected the behaviour of benthic bioindicator organisms like Daphnia magna (D. magna) and used this model to explore the toxicity (Kim et al. 2003), as an excellent tool for assessment of this problem (Jellyman et al. 2011).”

“In the Southern Hemisphere, D. geminata has shown more aggressive performance, with a considerable impact due to the extensive formation of biomass (Kilroy et al. 2009), which is likely caused by the favourable climate and physicochemical water conditions (Kunza et al. 2018), allowing it to bloom…”

“This benthic diatom has been declaring an invasive species in Southern Hemisphere countries such as New Zealand (Kilroy and Unwin 2011), Argentina (Bothwell et al. 2014) and Chile (Reid and Torres 2014) since 2010 (Segura 2011).”

“…suggests thatD. geminata is causing direct and indirect effects through the whole food web (Olivares et al. 2015; Parodi et al. 2015), during periphyton blooms (Chester and Norris 2006; Suren et al. 2003) with D. geminata (Kilroy et al. 2009) as well as after its removal (Larned and Kilroy 2014).”

“It produced negative ecological and economic consequences (Alpert et al. 2000; Beville et al. 2012; Taylor and Bothwell 2014).”

“…are noted in the cell lines of native freshwater species, other species or biological models when representing a bioindicator for water quality (Venugopal 2002) and when evaluating whether D. geminata contamination can induce changes in river biota (Cifuentes et al. 2012; Montoya et al. 2012).”

“2015), during periphyton blooms (Chester and Norris 2006; Suren et al. 2003) with D.”

“Under favourable environmental conditions, it is capable of producing blooms with large amounts of extracellular stalks in a short period and colonises far from its geographical range (Bishop and Spaulding 2017; Cullis et al. 2012).”

“D. magna, due to its short life cycle, morphological characteristics and reproductive capacity, is a suitable organism for the study of toxins in aquatic environments (Baun et al. 2008; Gerhardt 2007).”

“…impact due to the extensive formation of biomass (Kilroy et al. 2009), which is likely caused by the favourable climate and physicochemical water conditions (Kunza et al. 2018), allowing it to bloom over the river rocks or be present but not invading in the planktonic phase (Montecino et al. 2016).”

“…2000), suggesting the possibility thatD. geminata polyphenol toxicity affected the behaviour of benthic bioindicator organisms like Daphnia magna (D. magna) and used this model to explore the toxicity (Kim et al. 2003), as an excellent tool for assessment of this problem (Jellyman et al. 2011).”

“This benthic diatom has been declaring an invasive species in Southern Hemisphere countries such as New Zealand (Kilroy and Unwin 2011), Argentina (Bothwell et al. 2014) and Chile (Reid and Torres 2014) since 2010 (Segura 2011).”

“This benthic diatom has been declaring an invasive species in Southern Hemisphere countries such as New Zealand (Kilroy and Unwin 2011), Argentina (Bothwell et al. 2014) and Chile (Reid and Torres 2014) since 2010 (Segura 2011).”

“Since the introduction of D. geminata in local freshwater ecosystems, it has been a cause of concern to potential consequences on stream communities (Ladrera et al. 2018).”

“Biological invasions of non-native species are a significant threat to biodiversity (Firn et al. 2015; Gurevitch and Padilla 2004) and socio-ecological systems (Taylor and Bothwell 2014).”

“The asterisk indicates p\ 0.05 (ANOVA) report on the model, only follow the kinetic and suggest a mechanism secondary to concentration of polyphenols on the solution (Teplova et al. 2010).”

“D. geminata changes in macroinvertebrate composition blooms have been reported to show a decreased density in determinate trophic groups (Larned and Kilroy 2014;Whitton et al. 2009).”

“2018) and the possibility of these microalgae spreading to new bodies of water (Montecino et al. 2014; Reid et al. 2012) through different vectors (Leone et al.”

“…and microalgal communities according to the seasonal variations of D. geminata (Chester and Norris 2006; Figueroa et al. 2018) and the possibility of these microalgae spreading to new bodies of water (Montecino et al. 2014; Reid et al. 2012) through different vectors (Leone et al. 2014).”

“geminata contamination can induce changes in river biota (Cifuentes et al. 2012; Montoya et al. 2012).”

“This benthic diatom has been declaring an invasive species in Southern Hemisphere countries such as New Zealand (Kilroy and Unwin 2011), Argentina (Bothwell et al. 2014) and Chile (Reid and Torres 2014) since 2010 (Segura 2011).”

“…impact due to the extensive formation of biomass (Kilroy et al. 2009), which is likely caused by the favourable climate and physicochemical water conditions (Kunza et al. 2018), allowing it to bloom over the river rocks or be present but not invading in the planktonic phase (Montecino et al. 2016).”

“Under favourable environmental conditions, it is capable of producing blooms with large amounts of extracellular stalks in a short period and colonises far from its geographical range (Bishop and Spaulding 2017; Cullis et al. 2012).”

“Polyphenol extraction and liquid chromatography (HPLC) peak detection In previous reports, we used the follow protocol (Olivares-Ferretti et al. 2019).”

“…with the alteration of microenvironments and microalgal communities according to the seasonal variations of D. geminata (Chester and Norris 2006; Figueroa et al. 2018) and the possibility of these microalgae spreading to new bodies of water (Montecino et al. 2014; Reid et al. 2012) through…”

“geminata polyphenol toxicity on two salmonid species cell lines (Olivares-Ferretti et al. 2019) and Salmo salar spermatozoa activation times (Olivares et al.”

“The samples were distributed in an implemented ‘‘artificial river’’ recirculation system (Parodi et al. 2015) using control water, without D.”