Screening anxiety in the HIV clinic
Open accessAbstract
Individuals with HIV experience fluctuating levels of distress throughout the course of their infection. This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the prevalence of and associations between anxiety symptoms, sociodemographic, and biomedical markers among individuals presenting for care. A total of 635 individuals were screened, the majority of whom was male and African American. Younger individuals, African Americans, individuals with less education, and those who were unemployed were more likely to express more severe anxiety symptoms. Individuals who were not currently receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were 1.61 times more likely to experience higher anxiety symptoms. Among individuals receiving ART, higher levels of anxiety were associated with less adherence, higher viral loads and lower CD4 cell counts. Current smokers were 1.66 times more likely to have higher rates of anxiety. When controlling for these significant factors, younger, unemployed, and less educated individuals were more likely to express more severe anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of screening and management of anxiety as an integral component of HIV care.ResumenIndividuos con VIH experimentan niveles fluctuantes de estres durante el curso de su enfermedad. El siguiente estudio de corte transversal fue realizado para examinar la prevalencia de ansiedad y la asociación entre síntomas de ansiedad, datos demográficos y marcadores biomédicos en sujetos que buscan atención en una clínica urbana de VIH. Se realizó un tamizaje en 635 sujetos, la mayoría de ellos Afro-Americanos. Veintidós por ciento de la muestra reportó síntomas de ansiedad moderada y 11 % síntomas de ansiedad severa. Bajo análisis no ajustado, aquellos de edad joven, bajo nivel de educación y desempleados reportaron con mayor frecuencia síntomas de ansiedad severa. Síntomas de ansiedad más altos fueron 1.61 veces más probables en individuos que no reciben terapia antiretroviral. El análisis no ajustado entre aquellos que reciben terapia antiretroviral, niveles más altos de ansiedad estuvieron asociados con menor adherencia, carga viral alta y niveles bajos de CD4. Niveles más altos de ansiedad fueron 1.66 veces más probables en fumadores. Después de controlar estos factores significativos, síntomas de ansiedad severa fueron reportados con mayor frecuencia en sujetos jóvenes, desempleados y con bajo nivel de educación. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia del tamizaje y el tratamiento de ansiedad como un componente integral en el tratamiento de VIH.
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People living with HIV who smoke are 66% more likely to report elevated anxiety than people living with HIV who do not smoke.
“Indeed, SLWH are 66% more likely to report elevated anxiety than PLWH who do not smoke.19”
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- [22]Shacham E Basta T Reece M Symptoms of psychological distress among African Americans seeking HIV-related mental health care AIDS Patient Care and STDS 2008 22 413 21 18500922 PMC2928543
- [25]Pence BW Miller WC Whetten K Eron JJ Gaynes BN Prevalence of DSM-IV-Defined Mood, Anxiety, and Substance Use Disorders in an HIV Clinic in the Southeastern United States JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2006 42 3 298 306 16639343
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- Authors
- Shacham, E., Morgan, J. C., Önen, N. F., Taniguchi, T., & Overton, E. T.
- Affiliations
- Saint Louis University (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Chiba University (JP)
- University of Alabama (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shacham, Enbal
- Venue
- AIDS and Behavior
- Published
- 2012-06-21
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2407-2413
- ISSN
- 1090-7165 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3254
- PMC
- PMC3623696
- OpenAlex
- W2050340831
- Semantic Scholar
- 6e6e14f662967868ca85b62fbeeba22f38835775
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- AIDS and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (KL2TR000450, UL1TR000448)
- National Center for Research Resources (KL2RR024994, UL1RR024992)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- anxiety, HIV, anxiety screening, HIV care, antiretroviral therapy, medication adherence, viral load, CD4 count, smoking, sociodemographic factors, African Americans
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Ambulatory Care Facilities, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Missouri, Patient Compliance, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, HIV Infections, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Anti-HIV Agents, Viral Load, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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