The Socio-Ecological Model Approach to Understanding Barriers and Facilitators to the Accessing of Health Services by Sex Workers: A Systematic Review

Ma, Polly H. X.; Chan, Zenobia C. Y.; Loke, Alice Yuen

doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1818-2

Cited by 180Sex work and related issuesHIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsHIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk

The Socio-Ecological Model Approach to Understanding Barriers and Facilitators to the Accessing of Health Services by Sex Workers: A Systematic Review

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Ma, Polly H. X., Chan, Zenobia C. Y., Loke, Alice Yuen·2017·AIDS and Behavior

DOI 10.1007/s10461-017-1818-2

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Abstract

Inequities in accessing health care persist among sex workers. The purpose of the review is to understand the health-seeking behaviours of sex workers and their access to health care services with socio-ecological model. Of 3852 citations screened, 30 met the inclusion criteria for this review. The access that sex workers have to health services is a complex issue. A wide range of barriers and facilitators at multiple levels could influence sex workers' utilization of health care services, such as health or service information, stigma, social support, quality of health care, available, accessible and affordable services, healthcare policy. Health services or future intervention studies should take into account the facilitators and barriers identified in this review to improve the health services utilization and health of sex workers, as part of the effort to protect the right of humans to health.

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Female sex workers perspectives and concerns regarding HIV self-testing: an exploratory study in Tanzania
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ART uptake and adherence among women who use drugs globally: A scoping review
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Impact of a Community Empowerment Intervention on Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Female Sex Workers in Baltimore, Maryland
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Attitudes towards sex workers: a nationwide cross-sectional survey among German healthcare providers
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Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) among young people in secure state care and their non-incarcerated peers – a qualitative, descriptive and comparative study
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Healthcare for sex workers—access, barriers, and needs
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The role of social factors in access to and equity in higher education for students with low socioeconomic status: A case study from Indonesia
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Interventions to reduce the effects of air pollution and of extreme heat on maternal, newborn, and child health outcomes: a mapping of the literature
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Validation of a Brief Internalized Sex-work Stigma Scale among Female Sex Workers in Kenya
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Impact of the COVID-19 Health Crisis on Trans Women and Cis Men Sex Workers in Spain
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Strategies and Interventions Used to Prevent Violence Against Sex Workers in the United States: A Scoping Review Using the Social-Ecological Model
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Knowledge of, attitudes towards, and willingness to care for sex workers: Differences between general and mental health nursing students
Ma, H., & Loke, A. Y. (2020) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2020.01.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Mechanisms to enhance racial equity in health care: Developing a model to facilitate translation of the ACCURE intervention
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The Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on HIV Service Provision in Ukraine
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Characterizing Health Care Access among Cisgender Female Sex Workers with Substance Use Histories in Baltimore, Maryland
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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and gender diverse and queer ( LGBTQ ) community members' perspectives on palliative care in New South Wales ( NSW ), Australia
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Promoting Gender Equity in Livelihoods Projects: Practitioners’ Perspectives Through the Lens of a Socio-ecological Model
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Socio-Ecological Predictors of Frequent Bike Share Trips: Do Purposes Matter?
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External resilience in the context of drug use and socio-structural vulnerabilities: a qualitative exploration among women who use drugs and sell sex in Baltimore, Maryland
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Patient Experiences and Provider Perspectives on Accessing Gender-Affirming Surgical Services in the Veterans Health Administration
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Structural interventions and social suffering: Responding to amphetamine-type stimulant use among female entertainment and sex workers in Cambodia
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Missed Study Visits and Subsequent HIV Incidence Among Women in a Predominantly Sex Worker Cohort Attending a Dedicated Clinic Service in Kampala, Uganda
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Culturally Centering the Voices of Transgender Sex Workers in Singapore: Health, Materiality and Violence
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“Helping Professionals, Hear Us Out!” What Sex Workers Want You to Understand About Their Work
Karandikar, S., Kieninger, K., Ploss, A., & Walkowski, L. (2024) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2024.2426468 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Socio Ecological Model (SEM) and Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Integrated Framework: A Proposal for Integration to Improve Intervention in the Digital Age of Medicine
Gousse, Y., Ravenell, J. E., Steptoe, R., Douglas, D., Camille, J., & Castor, C. (2024) · INNOVATIONS in pharmacy · doi:10.24926/iip.v15i4.6271 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Improving linkage to HIV care following a reactive HIV self-testing result among men in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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The role of fear as a barrier and facilitator to antiretroviral therapy initiation in Indonesia: insights from patients and providers
Hutahaean, B. S. H., Stutterheim, S. E., & Jonas, K. J. (2024) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2024.2414080 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nurses’ attitudes toward female sex workers: A qualitative study
Ma, H., & Loke, A. Y. (2020) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/0969733020961490 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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“The Ripple Effect”: The influence of social support on participation in a small workplace health promotion program
Bell, A., Barrett, N., & Haintz, G. L. (2021) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.511 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mapping Interests in Event-Driven and Long-Acting Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Formulations onto the HIV Risk Environment of Street-Based Female Sex Workers: A Latent Class Analysis
Rosen, J. G., Park, J. N., Schneider, K. E., White, R. H., Beckham, S. W., Glick, J. L., Footer, K. H. A., & Sherman, S. G. (2022) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03613-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Educational Knowledge, Attitude and LGBT Inclusive Training in an Academic Setting: A Mixed Methods Case Study of Faculty and Healthcare Students in Nigeria.Preprint
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SeCOM-B: an integrated model for understanding human behaviour change in wicked socio-ecological problems
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A socio-ecological model of the management of leprosy reactions in Indonesia and India using the experiences of affected individuals, family members and healthcare providers
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Tactics employed by healthcare providers in the humanitarian sector to meet the sexual and reproductive healthcare needs of undocumented migrant women in Denmark: A qualitative study
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Barriers facilitators and needs of female sex workers in Arak to access sexual health services a qualitative study
Navidi, I., Shakibazadeh, E., Raisi, F., & Akbarpour, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84206-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A study protocol to explore and implement community-based point-of-care COVID-19 testing for women who use drugs in Baltimore, Maryland: The CARE study
Tomko, C. A., Clouse, E., Haney, K., Galai, N., Footer, K. H. A., Ferryman, K., Smith, K. C., & Sherman, S. G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277605 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The relationship between underage initiation of selling sex and depression among female sex workers in Eswatini
Grosso, A., Fielding-Miller, R. K., Matse, S., Sithole, B., & Baral, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1048703 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Insights into caregivers’ perspectives on abuse of older persons: a qualitative exploratory study in southwest Nigeria
Ojifinni, O. O., Adebayo, E., & Uchendu, O. C. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070937 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An explorative qualitative study of barriers to the use of health and mental health services among migrant female sex workers in Germany and needs for action
Lotysh, A., Tezcan‐Güntekin, H., Kalinowski, O., Kaya, G., Kroehn-Liedtke, F., Mihaylova, H., Schouler‐Ocak, M., & Wulf Rössler, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1464307 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Enablers and Barriers to Accessing Women’s Health and Wellbeing Services for Women Aged 40–65 Years: A Qualitative Study
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Negative changes in illicit drug supply during COVID-19: Associations with use of overdose prevention and health services among women sex workers who use drugs (2020–2021)
Moreheart, S., Shannon, K., Krüsi, A., McDermid, J., Ettinger, E., Braschel, M. C., & Goldenberg, S. M. (2023) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104212 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Centering PrEP: Utilizing ADAPT-ITT to inform group PrEP care for sex workers in Chicago
Singer, R. B., Barrow, J., Johnson, A. K., Zemlak, J. L., Crooks, N. K., Abboud, S., Bruce, D., Green, N., Stamps, J., Neely, J., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17508-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Structural and social factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine uptake among healthcare workers and older people in Uganda: A qualitative analysis
Slivesteri, S., Ssali, A., Bahemuka, U. M., Nsubuga, D., Muwanga, M., Nsereko, C., Ssemwanga, E., Asaba, R., Seeley, J., Elliott, A. M., et al. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002188 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Barriers to and enablers of the transition from child and adolescent to adult mental health services for autistic young people and/or those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: protocol for a scoping review
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Feasibility, acceptability and potential sustainability of a ‘diagonal’ approach to health services for female sex workers in Mozambique
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“They look you up and down like you are nothing”: A qualitative exploration of sex workers’ health needs and interactions with UK healthcare services
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Measures Assessing Barriers and Facilitators to Post-Sexual Violence Services: A Critical Review
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Access to and quality of care for sexual and gender minority women living with HIV in Metro Vancouver, Canada: Results from a longitudinal cohort study
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Understanding mobile use behavior, stigma and associated needs among female sex workers in Nepal: a qualitative study
Ranjit, Y. S., Meisenbach, R. J., Roscoe, R. A., & Joshi, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2024.1259463 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Socioecological Challenges of Polio Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Systematic Review
Ahmad, H., Sanef, S. A., Shahabudin, W. Z., Mohtar, N., Hassan, M. R., Jeffree, M. S., Lukman, K. A., Ghazi, H. F., & Rahim, S. S. S. A. (2023) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2023/4801424 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
HIV prevention in individuals engaged in sex work
Busza, J. R., Matambanadzo, P., Phiri, L., Meki, B., & Cowan, F. M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000891 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Establishing Exercise Programs in Rural Settings Through Collaboration With Family Physicians
Ohta, R., & Sano, C. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.38814 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nursing harm reduction education and care for people who use drugs or who engage in sex work
Watts, T. E., Bane, C., Brandley, J., Schmidt, E., & Tucker, M. (2023) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.13230 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Changing trends in Chlamydia and gonorrhea infections among female sex workers in Southern China: a surveillance data analysis spanning 2019 to 2022
Wang, J., Zhao, P., Xu, W., & Wang, C. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdad222 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sex differences in the multilevel determinants of injection risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico
Jain, J. P., Strathdee, S. A., West, B. S., González‐Zúñiga, P., Rangel, G., & Pitpitan, E. V. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13134 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Poly-Victimization Patterns and Their Correlates Among International Asian and Latina Sex Trafficking Survivors in New York City
Cao, J., Chin, J. J., Cohen, L., & Lim, S. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251321004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Barriers and Facilitators to Accessing and Using Maternal Healthcare Services by Women Living in Rural Bangladesh: A Theory-Guided Narrative Literature Review
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Study Navigation and Enrollment in a Community Sample: Does Generational Cohort Matter?
Otufowora, A., Striley, C. W., Vaddiparti, K., Scicchitano, M. J., & Cottler, L. B. (2022) · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · doi:10.1080/15350770.2022.2041526 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reproductive healthcare utilization for women in the sex trade: a qualitative study
Birger, L., Benyamini, Y., Goor, Y., Sahar, Z., & Peled, E. (2024) · Israel Journal of Health Policy Research · doi:10.1186/s13584-024-00627-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cross-sectional evaluation of a peer educator-led empowerment initiative for improving participation in cervical precancer screening among female sex workers in Ghana
Effah, K., Tekpor, E., Wormenor, C. M., Amuah, J. E., Kwawukume, V., Matey, L. A., Kemawor, S., Danyo, S., Morkli, E. A. C., Essel, N. O. M., et al. (2025) · ecancermedicalscience · doi:10.3332/ecancer.2025.1869 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Peer support and access to information as predictors of HIV testing among indirect female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia
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Psychometric Evaluation of the Personal Feelings Questionnaire–2 (PFQ-2) Shame Subscale Among Spanish-Speaking Female Sex Workers in Mexico
da Silva, C. E., Pines, H. A., Patterson, T. L., Semple, S. J., Vera, A., Strathdee, S. A., Martı́nez, G., Pitpitan, E. V., & Smith, L. R. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120981768 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Though We Are Often Invisible, We Are Always Taking Care of Each Other”: Mutual Aid Among Sex Workers
Shimei, N. (2022) · Palgrave advances in sex work studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04605-6_12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
High HIV/STI prevalence among cisgender men and transgender women sex workers attending community-based centres in Barcelona, Spain: The Sweetie Project
Ferrer, L., González, V., Martró, E., Folch, C., Saludes, V., Muñoz, R., Rodríguez-Salés, V., Morales, A., Meroño, M., Morey, F., et al. (2022) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624221116536 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dimensional Reduction in Barriers and Facilitators to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Willingness for Full-Service Sex Workers
Ramos, S. D., Woodward, H., Kannout, L., & Bois, S. N. D. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02742-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The Health Needs of Sex Workers and the Factors that Enable or Hinder Their Access to Services: A Co‐Produced, Multimethod Study in the United Kingdom
Tiwana, R., Bandyopadhyay, S., Chandan, J. S., Christie, C., Croxford, S., Hallett, N., Molloy, E., Rozanski, M., Nessa, Y., Simms-Williams, N., et al. (2026) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/hsc/6944421
Stigmatizing and inaccessible: The perspectives of female sex workers on barriers to reproductive healthcare utilization – A scoping review
Birger, L., Peled, E., & Benyamini, Y. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16010 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“They look you up and down like you are nothing”: A qualitative exploration of sex workers’ health needs and interactions with UK healthcare services
Molloy, E., Tiwana, R., French, B. C., Christie, C., Smailes, H., Taylor, J., & Bradbury‐Jones, C. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2025.100392 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Inequities Among Sex Workers Across the Life Course
Shapiro, A., & Duff, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64171-9_4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Healthcare interventions for sex workers: protocol for a scoping review
Hallett, N., Christie, C., Docherty-Smith, J., Welborn, H., Wright, H., Molloy, E., Chandan, J. S., Croxford, S., Taylor, J. S., & Bradbury‐Jones, C. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074983 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Authors: Ma, P. H. X., Chan, Z. C. Y., & Loke, A. Y.
Affiliations: Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
Corresponding author: Loke, Alice Yuen
ORCID: Loke, Alice Yuen
Venue: AIDS and Behavior
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-06-19
Volume: 21
Issue: 8
Pages: 2412-2438
ISSN: 1090-7165 (ISSN-L)
1573-3254
DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1818-2
OpenAlex: W2652555101
Cited by: 180
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6
FWCI: 2.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: AIDS and Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Sex work and related issues
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Keywords: sex workers, health care access, health-seeking behavior, socio-ecological model, barriers and facilitators, stigma, social support, quality of care, health care affordability, healthcare policy, health disparities, right to health
MeSH terms: Health Policy, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Quality of Health Care, Social Support, HIV Infections, Social Stigma, Sex Workers

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The Socio-Ecological Model Approach to Understanding Barriers and Facilitators to the Accessing of Health Services by Sex Workers: A Systematic Review

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