The DOI matches its Crossref record; 150 of the 150 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Autoencoders and their applications in machine learning: a survey
Open accessAbstract
Autoencoders have become a hot researched topic in unsupervised learning due to their ability to learn data features and act as a dimensionality reduction method. With rapid evolution of autoencoder methods, there has yet to be a complete study that provides a full autoencoders roadmap for both stimulating technical improvements and orienting research newbies to autoencoders. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of autoencoders, starting with an explanation of the principle of conventional autoencoder and their primary development process. We then provide a taxonomy of autoencoders based on their structures and principles and thoroughly analyze and discuss the related models. Furthermore, we review the applications of autoencoders in various fields, including machine vision, natural language processing, complex network, recommender system, speech process, anomaly detection, and others. Lastly, we summarize the limitations of current autoencoder algorithms and discuss the future directions of the field.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection
Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., & Farhadi, A. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.91 · Cited by 53,803
A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets
Hinton, G. E., Osindero, S., & Teh, Y.-W. (2006) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1527 · Cited by 16,336
Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation
Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., & Williams, R. J. (1985) · doi:10.21236/ada164453 · Cited by 16,172
Chandola, V., Banerjee, A., & Kumar, V. (2009) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/1541880.1541882 · Cited by 11,687
Abdi, H., & Williams, L. J. (2010) · WIREs Computational Statistics · doi:10.1002/wics.101 · Cited by 11,104
Neural Collaborative Filtering
He, X., Liao, L., Zhang, H., Nie, L., Hu, X., & Chua, T.-S. (2017) · Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web · doi:10.1145/3038912.3052569 · Cited by 6,652
The cortical organization of speech processing
Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2113 · Cited by 5,495
Bertalmio, M., Sapiro, G., Caselles, V., & Ballester, C. (2000) · Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '00 · doi:10.1145/344779.344972 · Cited by 3,580
Sentiment analysis algorithms and applications: A survey
Medhat, W., Hassan, A., & Korashy, H. (2014) · Ain Shams Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.asej.2014.04.011 · Cited by 3,248
Gao, Z., Cecati, C., & Ding, S. X. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2015.2417501 · Cited by 3,135
Cited by
Elastic deep multi-view autoencoder with diversity embedding
Daneshfar, F., Saifee, B. S., Soleymanbaigi, S., & Aeini, M. (2025) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2024.121482 · Cited by 55
Self-citationMissing-modality enabled multi-modal fusion architecture for medical data
Wang, M., Fan, S., Li, Y., Xie, Z., & Chen, H. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2025.104796 · Cited by 31
Self-citationOne-Class Anomaly Detection for Industrial Applications: A Comparative Survey and Experimental Study
Paolini, D., Dini, P., Soldaini, E., & Saponara, S. (2025) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers14070281 · Cited by 21
Wang, R., Liu, Z., Pang, J., Sun, J., Xiang, M., & Ning, X. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3579060 · Cited by 9
Sangnark, S., Rattanachaisit, P., Patcharatrakul, T., & Vateekul, P. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3409077 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Berahmand, K., Daneshfar, F., Salehi, E. S., Li, Y., & Xu, Y.
- Venue
- Artificial Intelligence Review
- Published
- 2024-02-03
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 0269-2821 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7462
- OpenAlex
- W4391514872
- Cited by
- 593
- References
- 150
- FWCI
- 88.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Autoencoders and their applications in machine learning: a survey. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6
- The paper
- Berahmand, K., Daneshfar, F., Salehi, E. S., Li, Y., & Xu, Y. (2024). Autoencoders and their applications in machine learning: a survey. Artificial Intelligence Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.