The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Using sensitive personal data may be necessary for avoiding discrimination in data-driven decision models
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“Many of the methods to tackle discrimination in AI systems implicitly assume that organisations hold these sensitive data”
From Discrimination, artificial intelligence, and algorithmic decision-making (2025) · cites this paper as Žliobaitė and Custers 2016
Citations
Cites
Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference
Pearl, J. (2009) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803161 · Cited by 11,653
Barocas, S., & Selbst, A. D. (2014) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2477899 · Cited by 3,048
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Certifying and Removing Disparate Impact
Feldman, M., Friedler, S. A., Moeller, J., Scheidegger, C., & Venkatasubramanian, S. (2015) · Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining · doi:10.1145/2783258.2783311 · Cited by 1,827
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Broken Promises of Privacy: Responding to the Surprising Failure of AnonymizationPreprint
Ohm, P. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 997
Discrimination in online ad delivery
Sweeney, L. (2013) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/2447976.2447990 · Cited by 783 · cited 1×
“Growing evidence suggests (Barocas and Selbst 2016; Kay et al. 2015; Edelman and Luca 2014; Citron and Pasquale 2014; Sweeney 2013) that decision making by inappropriately trained algorithms can discriminate people.”
BackgroundFairness-Aware Classifier with Prejudice Remover Regularizer
Kamishima, T., Akaho, S., Asoh, H., & Sakuma, J. (2012) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33486-3_3 · Cited by 694
Discrimination-aware data mining
Pedreshi, D., Ruggieri, S., & Turini, F. (2008) · Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining · doi:10.1145/1401890.1401959 · Cited by 676
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 38 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Citron DK, Pasquale FA (2014) The scored society: due process for automated predictions. Wash Law Rev, Vol. 89, p. 1, U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-8
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Beyond traditional assumptions in fair machine learningPreprint
Kilbertus, N. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.17863/cam.59055 · Cited by 1
Discrimination for the Sake of Fairness: Fairness by Design and Its Legal FrameworkPreprint
Hoch, H., Hertweck, C., Loi, M., & Tamò‐Larrieux, A. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3773766 · Cited by 1
Mitigating Bias in Algorithmic Systems: A Fish-Eye View of Problems and Solutions Across Domains.Preprint
Orphanou, K., Otterbacher, J., Kleanthous, S., Batsuren, K., Giunchiglia, F., Bogina, V., Tal, A. S., Hartman, A., & Kuflik, T. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 1
Lenhart, A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4178631 · Cited by 1
Explainable Artificial Intelligence across Domains: Refinement of SHAP and Practical Applications
Kovvuri, V. R. R. (2024) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.67149 · Cited by 2
AI and Discrimination. A Proposal for a Compliance System for Protecting Privacy and Equality
Franco, H. A. (2019) · Biosystems & biorobotics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24074-5_19
Anguiano, J. A. H. (2020) · Estudios en Derecho a la Información · doi:10.22201/iij.25940082e.2020.10.14658
Nepnieuws, filterbubbels en echokamers (Fake News, Filter Bubbels and Echo Chambers)Preprint
Custers, B. H. M. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3338403
Self-citationA Discrimination Aware Model to Predict Childhood Literacy Levels
Byrne, K. (2020) · Arrow - TU Dublin (Technological University Dublin) · doi:10.21427/cmtz-1m13
Govindarajan, M. (2020) · Advances in information quality and management · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3479-3.ch052
Berg, A. (2021) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Équité, explicabilité, paradoxes et biais
Saporta, G. (2022) · Statistique et société · doi:10.4000/statsoc.539
Arthur Charpentier, A. (2024) · Springer Actuarial · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49783-4_5
Implementing AI in Your Leadership Strategy
(2024) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2695-4.ch010 · Cited by 12
Population Distribution and Migration Patterns
Moghaddam, S. N. M., & Cao, H. (2024) · City development · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5116-7_4
Tursunbayeva, A. (2024) · Contributions to management science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75266-7_6
Upadhyay, V., Banerjee, P., & Upadhyay, I. (2025) · International Conference on Emerging Smart Computing and Informatics (ESCI) · doi:10.1109/esci63694.2025.10987947
Multi-Class Bias Mitigation Methods for Classification Without Discrimination
de Quadros, A. S., Magalhães, S., Mol, D., de Lima, J. A., Vieira, A. C., & Brandão, W. C. (2025) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-025-04420-4
Fairness-aware Machine Learning
Kamishima, T. (2025) · Ouyou toukeigaku · doi:10.5023/jappstat.54.81
A SPECIFIC LEGAL PROTECTION AND DATA CATEGORY AREA: SENSITIVE PERSONAL DATA
Bulut, M. (2019) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Kumar, P. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8913025/v1
Agngarayngay, C. D., Latifi, S. I., Marco, F. J. P., Tan, C. C., & Villamor-Evangelista, M. G. (2026) · International Journal of Business and Social Science Research · doi:10.47742/ijbssr.v7n3p2
La preuve en droit des systèmes d'intelligence artificielle
Pons, R. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1e108f6ezfa39z422az8706zed4d031bb110
Review of "Artificial intelligence in data warehousing and mining: Unlocking the power of big data"
Hatiskar, M. M., Athalye, S. S., Teli, S. R., & Gore, M. G. (2026) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/12.0043790
AI and Ethics: Importance of Ethical Principles for the Implementation of the EU Act on AI
Janků, M., & Cvik, E. D. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-26211-0_20
Metadata
- Authors
- Žliobaitė, I., & Custers, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Žliobaitė, Indrė
- Venue
- Artificial Intelligence and Law
- Published
- 2016-05-07
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 183-201
- ISSN
- 0924-8463 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-8382
- OpenAlex
- W2392403817
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 23.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- papers.ssrn.com
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Artificial Intelligence and Law (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Keywords
- algorithmic discrimination, sensitive personal data, data-driven decision making, algorithmic fairness, prediction model, race, data privacy regulation, data minimization, data bias, data mining, personal data protection law
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