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Cited by 25Gender Roles and Identity StudiesMedia, Gender, and AdvertisingChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The roles of self-socialization and parent socialization in toddlers' gender-typed appearance

Halim, May Ling D., Walsh, Abigail S., Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine S., Zosuls, Kristina M., Ruble, Diane N.·2018·Archives of Sexual Behavior
DOI 10.1007/s10508-018-1263-y
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Abstract

Children's gender-stereotypical dress and appearance might be one of the first representations of children's emerging sense of gender identity. Gender self-socialization theories posit that as children become more aware of gender categories, they become motivated to adhere to gender stereotypes, such as by expressing interest in dressing in feminine or masculine ways. Socialization theories predict that children's gender-typed appearance reflects parents' choices. For example, gender-traditional parents might dress their children in gender-stereotypical ways. At the same time, dressing in gender-stereotypical ways might contribute to children's growing awareness of gender categories. The current study investigated the factors associated with gender-typed appearance among 175 (87 girls, 88 boys) Mexican American, Dominican American, and African American 2-year-olds. We examined both child and parent contributions to early gender-typed appearance. To measure children's early conceptual understanding of gender categories, we assessed children's use and recognition of gender verbal labels. To examine the influence of parent socialization, we assessed mothers' gender-role attitudes. Children's gender-typed appearance was observed and coded during an assessment. Surprisingly, mothers' gender-role attitudes were not significantly associated with toddlers' gender-typed appearance. However, toddlers' gender labeling was associated with their gender-typed appearance, suggesting that self-socialization processes can be found as early as 24 months of age.

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  • Sex/gender differences in "masculine" and "feminine" traits are rooted in biological sex.

    “though sex/gender differences in “masculine” and “feminine” traits are rooted in biological sex, socialization processes prod girls to adopt traits assigned to femininity and boys to model traits generally assigned to masculinity (112).”

    From Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [112]

  • Socialization processes prod girls to adopt traits assigned to femininity and boys to model traits generally assigned to masculinity.

    “though sex/gender differences in “masculine” and “feminine” traits are rooted in biological sex, socialization processes prod girls to adopt traits assigned to femininity and boys to model traits generally assigned to masculinity (112).”

    From Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [112]

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Authors
Halim, M. L. D., Walsh, A. S., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Zosuls, K. M., & Ruble, D. N.
Affiliations
  • California State University System (US)
  • University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
  • Arizona State University (US)
  • New York University (US)
Corresponding author
Halim, May Ling D.
ORCID
Venue
Archives of Sexual Behavior
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2018-07-09
Volume
47
Issue
8
Pages
2277-2285
ISSN
  • 0004-0002 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2800
DOI
10.1007/s10508-018-1263-y
OpenAlex
W2820701224
Cited by
25
References
61
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3
FWCI
3.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Archives of Sexual Behavior (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (021850)
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD04994)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords
parental socialization, toddlers, gender identity development, gender stereotypes, gender labeling, gender role attitudes, children's clothing, Mexican American children, African American children
MeSH terms
Adult, Attitude, Black or African American, Child, Preschool, Female, Gender Identity, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Mothers, Parents, Regression Analysis, Socialization, Mexican Americans

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