Using a citizen science program to monitor coral reef biodiversity through space and time
Abstract
Coral reefs are the most biodiverse ecosystems of the ocean and they provide notable ecosystem services. Large-scale monitoring is necessary to understand the effects of anthropogenic threats and environmental change on coral reef habitats and citizen science programs can support this effort. Seventy-two marine taxa found in the Red Sea were surveyed by non-specialist volunteers during their regular recreational dives, using SCUBA Tourism for the Environment (STE) questionnaires. Over a period of 4-years, 7,125 divers completed 17,905 questionnaires (14,487 diving hours). Validation trials were carried out to assess the data reliability (Cronbach’s alpha >50 % in 83.6 % of validation trials), showing that non-specialists performed similarly to conservation volunteer divers on accurate transect. The resulting sightings-based index showed that the biodiversity status did not change significantly within the project time scale, but revealed spatial trends across areas subjected to different protection strategies. Higher biodiversity values were found in Sharm el-Sheikh, within protected Ras Mohammed National Park and Tiran Island, than in the less-regulated Hurghada area. Citizen science programs like STEproject represent novel, reliable, cost-effective models for biodiversity monitoring, which can be sustained and embedded within long-term monitoring programmes, and extended to include a wider geographical scale, while increasing the environmental education of the public.
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Citizen science can enable dataset collection at a scale impossible in individual studies.
“Citizen science can also enable dataset collection at a scale impossible in individual studies [93,533,634,767].”
From Tackling climate change with machine learning (2023) · cites this paper as [93]
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Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.12
Grol, M. G. G., Vercelloni, J., Kenyon, T. M., Bayraktarov, E., van den Berg, C. P., Harris, D. L., Loder, J. A., Mihaljević, M., Rowland, P. I., & Roelfsema, C. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/602631
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.14
The use and value of opportunistic sightings for cetacean conservation and management in Canada
Dalili, N. (2019) · DalSpace (Dalhousie University)
Uptake, explore and champion best practices of Citizen Science (CS) projects
Novellino, A., Jimenez, H., Pieri, G., Merlino, S., Toffolo, M. M., Chatzinikolaou, E., Suaria, G., Goffredo, S., Granchinho, S., Tixi, L., et al. (2022) · IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea; Learning to Measure Sea Health Parameters (MetroSea) · doi:10.1109/metrosea55331.2022.9950913
Self-citationThornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.09
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.04
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.02
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.13
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.07
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.05
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.01
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.10
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.11
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.06
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.15
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.03
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453
8. Invasive alien and other problematic species
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.08
Is kelp monitoring on kayaks a viable form of marine science tourism?
Schulte, H. C., & Lucrezi, S. (2025) · Journal of Ecotourism · doi:10.1080/14724049.2025.2574385
MISHIMA, R., Kobayashi, M., & KURAMOTO, N. (2026) · Conservation · doi:10.3390/conservation6010007
Silva, C. B. P. D. E., Santos, L. P. S., Cipresso, P. H. P., Guimarães, T. C. S., Bertuol, P., da Silva, F. R., Oliveira, S., Escote, I. S., Castro, R., de Abreu, L. T. R., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8626827/v1
Toffolo, M. M., Meschini, M., Marchini, C., Caroselli, E., Prada, F., Mancuso, A., Lee, C. A., Zanon, M. V., & Goffredo, S. (2026) · Environmental and Sustainability Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.indic.2026.101203
Self-citationSerranito, B., Ternon, Q., Danet, V., Guillaume, M., Gallier, H., Feunteun, É., & Ysnel, F. (2026) · Estuaries and Coasts · doi:10.1007/s12237-026-01698-2
Effects of land-sea protection on Red Sea coral reef communities
Lee, C., Witt, F. D., Toffolo, M. M., Mancuso, A., Caroselli, E., & Goffredo, S. (2026) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2026.e04386
Self-citation
- Authors
- Branchini, S., Pensa, F., Neri, P., Tonucci, B. M., Mattielli, L., Collavo, A., Sillingardi, M. E., Piccinetti, C., Zaccanti, F., & Goffredo, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Goffredo, Stefano
- Venue
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Published
- 2014-10-07
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 319-336
- ISSN
- 0960-3115 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-9710
- OpenAlex
- W2140487268
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Biodiversity and Conservation (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Coastal and Marine Management
- Keywords
- coral reef biodiversity, citizen science, recreational diving, biodiversity monitoring, Red Sea, protected areas, marine protected areas, Hurghada, Sharm El-Sheikh, data reliability, long-term monitoring, environmental education
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