The DOI matches its Crossref record; 224 of the 226 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Racial Discrimination: A Continuum of Violence Exposure for Children of Color
Abstract
This article reviews and examines findings on the impact of racial discrimination on the development and functioning of children of color in the US. Based on current definitions of violence and child maltreatment, exposure to racial discrimination should be considered as a form of violence that can significantly impact child outcomes and limit the ability of parents and communities to provide support that promotes resiliency and optimal child development. In this article, a conceptual model of the effects of racial discrimination in children of color is presented. The model posits that exposure to racial discrimination may be a chronic source of trauma in the lives of many children of color that negatively influences mental and physical outcomes as well as parent and community support and functioning. Concurrent exposure to other forms of violence, including domestic, interpersonal and/or community violence, may exacerbate these effects. The impact of a potential continuum of violence exposure for children of color in the US and the need for future research and theoretical models on children's exposure to violence that attend to the impact of racial discrimination on child outcomes are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943
The ecology of human development : experiments by nature and design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Cited by 12,580
The world report on violence and health
Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11133-0 · Cited by 9,110 · cited 2×
“…‘‘the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation’’ (Krug et al. 2002, p. 1084).”
BackgroundHawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64 · Cited by 5,428
Journal of the National Medical Association
(2010) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30622-2 · Cited by 5,338
Suicide: A study in sociology.
Durkheim, É. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10406-003 · Cited by 3,944
Suicide: A Study in Sociology.
Alpert, H., Durkheim, É., Spaulding, J. A., Simpson, G. L., Solovay, S. A., Mueller, J. H., & Catlin, G. (1951) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2088294 · Cited by 3,910
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
Feinleib, M. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Biostatistics · doi:10.1002/0470011815.b2a16042 · Cited by 3,134
Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.10.805 · Cited by 2,830
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Berk, L. J. (2000). Child development (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
- De Los Rios, C. (2004). Understanding political violence. Language, Literacy, & Culture Review, 4(1), 29–43.
- Human Rights Documentation Center. (2001). Racial discrimination: The record of South Africa. St. Louis, MO: Human Rights Documentation Center.
- Noack, H. (1988). The role of socio-structural factors in health behaviors. In R. Anderson (Ed.), Health behavior research and health promotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wilson, N., Minkler, M., Dasho, S., Carrillo, R., Wallerstein, N., Garcia, D. (2006).Training students as partners in community based participatory research: The Youth Empowerment Strategies (YES!) Project. Co-published simultaneously in Journal of Community Practice, Special issue 14, 1–2; In B. N. Checkoway & L. M. Gutiérrez (Eds), Youth Participation and Community Change (pp. 201–217). USA: The Haworth Press, Inc.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610
“They have found consistent, adverse associations with mental health, while for the few that also examined physical health findings were mixed [14, 15, 26, 27].”
BackgroundLewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728 · Cited by 1,048
Priest, N., Paradies, Y., Trenerry, B., Truong, M., Karlsen, S., & Kelly, Y. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.031 · Cited by 877
Priest, N., Walton, J., White, F., Kowal, E., Baker, A., & Paradies, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.08.003 · Cited by 338
Stress-Related Biosocial Mechanisms of Discrimination and African American Health Inequities
Goosby, B. J., Cheadle, J. E., & Mitchell, C. M. (2018) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053403 · Cited by 352
Metadata
- Authors
- Sanders-Phillips, K.
- Venue
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
- Published
- 2009-05-23
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 174-195
- ISSN
- 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2827
- OpenAlex
- W1978276194
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 226
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- racial discrimination, children of color, violence exposure, child abuse, chronic trauma, child development, resilience, domestic violence, community violence, conceptual model, mental health outcomes, physical health outcomes, parental support, community support
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Child, Child Development, Psychology, Child, Humans, Models, Psychological, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Prejudice, United States, Violence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
