The DOI matches its Crossref record; 237 of the 237 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Resilience in Children Exposed to Violence: A Meta-analysis of Protective Factors Across Ecological Contexts
Abstract
Children who experience violence in their families and communities are at increased risk for a wide range of psychological and behavioral difficulties, but some exhibit resilience, or adaptive functioning following adversity. Understanding what promotes resilience is critical for developing more effective prevention and intervention strategies. Over 100 studies have examined potential protective factors for children exposed to violence in the past 30 years, but there has been no quantitative review of this literature. In order to identify which protective factors have received the strongest empirical support, we conducted a meta-analysis of 118 studies involving 101,592 participants. We separately evaluated cross-sectional (n = 71) and longitudinal (n = 47) studies testing bivariate, additive, and buffering effects for eleven proposed protective factors. Effect sizes generally were stronger in cross-sectional than longitudinal studies, but four protective factors-self-regulation, family support, school support, and peer support-demonstrated significant additive and/or buffering effects in longitudinal studies. Results were consistent across type of violence experienced (i.e., maltreatment, intimate partner violence, community violence). The review highlights the most robust predictors of resilience, identifies limitations of this work, and offers directions for improving our understanding of the processes and programs that foster resilience in children exposed to violence.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A different meta-analysis of 118 studies exploring protective factors for children exposed to violence (including but not limited to DV) found four key protective factors (self-regulation, family support, school support, and peer support) had significant additive and/or buffering effects in relation to children's psychological and behavioral difficulties (Yule et al., 2019).”
From Risk and protective factors for children's psychopathology in the context of domestic violence – A study using nationally representative longitudinal survey data (2023) · cites this paper as Yule et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“While the relevant literature has focused on how DV experiences affect internalising and externalising behaviours, less work has been done to explore how DV affects indicators of adaptive functioning (Grych et al., 2015;Howell et al., 2016;Yule et al., 2019).”
From Risk and protective factors for children's psychopathology in the context of domestic violence – A study using nationally representative longitudinal survey data (2023) · cites this paper as Yule et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“Most of the existing research in this field has focused on internalising and externalising problems, while positive behaviours have mostly been overlooked or conceptualised and operationalised as the absence of maladaptive behaviours (Grych et al., 2015;Howell et al., 2016;Yule et al., 2019).”
From Risk and protective factors for children's psychopathology in the context of domestic violence – A study using nationally representative longitudinal survey data (2023) · cites this paper as Yule et al., 2019
Citations
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5328.918 · Cited by 11,999
The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00164 · Cited by 9,381
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development.
Masten, A. S. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227 · Cited by 8,497 · cited 2×
“For instance, some studies characterize significant adversity using broad demographic characteristics (e.g., socioeconomic status), while others focus on the experience of specific life events (e.g., trauma; Masten 2001), which may be chronic, intermittent, or single occurrences (Luthar et al.”
Bonanno, G. A. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20 · Cited by 6,851
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64 · Cited by 5,428
The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress
Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., THE COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, C. O. E. C., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., Garner, A. S., McGuinn, L., Pascoe, J., & Wood, D. L. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2663 · Cited by 5,164 · cited 1×
“This meta-analysis thus underscores the critical importance of the environment in promoting resilience in children exposed to traumatic and stressful events (e.g., Fergus and Zimmerman 2005; Sciaraffa et al. 2018; Shonkoff et al. 2012).”
BackgroundAssessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I² index?
Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sánchez-Meca, J., Marín-Martínez, F., & Botella, J. (2006) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.11.2.193 · Cited by 4,256
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Barrett, P. M., Lowry-Webster, H., & Turner, C. (2000). FRIENDSprogram for children: Group leaders manual. Brisbane: Australian Academic Press.
- Broderick, P. C. (2013). Learning to breathe: A mindfulness curriculum for adolescents. Oakland: New Harbinger.
- Masten, A. S. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 921–930. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579407000442 . · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–331 of 331
The Relationship Between Child Neglect and Family Protective Factors: A Case of Türkiye
Ayhan, A. B., Beyazıt, U., Yurdakul, Y., Arslan, S. B., Yılmaz, Z., & Yılmaz, D. (2025) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-025-10304-z
Bayar, Ö. (2025) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1668424
Psychosocial Correlates of Resilience in Adolescents in Adversity Contexts
Alzugaray, C., Villagrán, L., Reyes, C., & Torres, R. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00025-5_13
Sölva, K., Haselgruber, A., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26565024
Barnes, M., Szilassy, E., Herbert, A., Heron, J., Feder, G. S., Fraser, A., Howe, L. D., & Barter, C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20501903
Child/Children Exposure to Violence Against Pets
Wilson, K. R., & McLean, A. L.-L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85493-5_228-1
Chanmugam, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95477-1_5
Chanmugam, A. (2025) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/cdaf026 · Cited by 1
Dinesen, T. A. (2026) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-026-01082-5 · Cited by 2
Flourishing in Early Adulthood Among Victimized Children: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Blangis, F., Arseneault, L., Danese, A., Latham, R. M., Moffitt, T. E., Sprinckmoller, S., Wang, Y., Xie, J. K., & Fisher, H. L. (2026) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.02.010 · Cited by 1
Hrda, N., Potměšíl, M., & Potměšilová, P. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108897
Understanding resilience among adolescents: an overview
Soman, S., & Marakkar, R. K. (2026) · International Journal of Scientific Reports · doi:10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20261085
Jenkins, D., Sopp, M. R., Haim‐Nachum, S., Pfaltz, M. C., Seedat, S., & Spies, G. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09500-z
Parents’ Positive Childhood Experiences: A Scoping Review
Hoppe, E. R., Kassa, G. M., Yu, Z., & Gross, D. A. (2026) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-026-00219-1
Gepty, A. A., Lambert, S. F., & Ialongo, N. S. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605261451867
Connon, E., Park, H. R. P., Turner, R. M., Williams, L. M., & Gatt, J. M. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726104784
Martijn, L. C., Hermans, D., Knoors, H. E. T., & Vissers, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1773481
Ballesteros, L. M. G., Roncancio, C. A. C., Pérez-Lalinde, S., Santos-Simancas, S., Clavijo-Marín, J., & Gómez, Ó. (2026) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-026-00233-3 · Cited by 1
Stager, C. G., Whitfield, S., Nassel, A., Irby, H., Wood, M., Osborne, T., Okoro, G., Thompson, M., Willis, P., Crawford, D. A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.70109
Lang, K. J., Seewer, E., Williams, R. F., & Lin, S. (2026) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000004951
Myre, G., Cognard-Bessette, S., St‐Laurent, D., Tarabulsy, G. M., Bernier, A., Dubois‐Comtois, K., & Cyr, C. P. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108273
Côté, C., Barriault, S., Thiemann, R. F., Hartwick, C., Madigan, S. L., & Racine, N. M. (2026) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100347
Lu, Z., Liu, Z., Nan, J., & Lin, D. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108332
Burga, A., & Chen, S. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119882
ADHD, autism or complex trauma? The complicated nature of the question
Koziel, N. (2026) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2026.10804
Yates, J., Uwizeye, G., Wathen, C. N., & Mantler, T. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108351
The Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention for Young Children: A Pilot StudyPreprint
Goslin, M. C., Stover, C. S., & Epstein, C. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11087584/v1
Li, T., Wang, M., & 李玉华 (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-10158-w
Fostering Resilience in Latine Adolescents: The Role of the School Context
Fredian, K. M., Makasiar, M., & Grych, J. (2026) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-026-00247-x
Self-citationAmarie, T., & Karner‐Huțuleac, A. (2026) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2026.2752360
Cardoso, A. S., Martins, R. C., Blumenberg, C., González, A., Halligan, S. L., & Murray, J. (2026) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70250
Metadata
- Authors
- Yule, K., Houston, J., & Grych, J.
- Affiliations
- Marquette University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yule, Kristen
- ORCID
- Yule, Kristen
- Venue
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
- Published
- 2019-03-18
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 406-431
- ISSN
- 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2827
- OpenAlex
- W2924860102
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 5.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- resilience, children exposed to violence, protective factors, self-regulation, family support, school support, peer support, child abuse, intimate partner violence, community violence, buffering effect, additive effects, ecological context
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Trauma, Self-Control, Adolescent, Child, Family Relations, Humans, Peer Group, Schools, Social Support, Violence, Resilience, Psychological, Protective Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
