CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 64Advanced Cellulose Research StudiesDyeing and Modifying Textile FibersPolymer crystallization and properties

Chemical and ultrastructural changes in cotton cellulose induced by laundering and textile use

Open access
Palme, Anna, Idström, Alexander, Nordstierna, Lars, Brelid, Harald·2014·Cellulose
DOI 10.1007/s10570-014-0434-9
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The textile industry is currently under pressure to decrease environmental load related to both the manufacture and the use of textiles. Material recycling may be one of many ways to accomplish such a decrease. Age-induced property changes in cotton textiles are important to understand in order to facilitate the recycling of cotton textiles. Consequently, this study investigates ultrastructural and chemical changes that take place in the cellulose of cotton sheets over a long time period of use and laundering. Ultrastructural changes were studied using water retention value (WRV), specific surface area measurement, scanning electron microscopy and solid state NMR spectroscopy. Chemical changes through measurement of intrinsic viscosity with and without reductive treatment, molecular mass distribution and carboxylate group content. A substantial decrease in mass average molecular mass from 1,320 to 151 kDa was observed when subjecting the sheets to more than 50 launderings. In contrast, only small differences in WRV, in fibril dimensions and crystallinity estimated using solid state NMR spectra, were observed between sheets laundered 2–4 times and more than 50 times. On one hand, the combination of minor laundering effects of WRV and solid state NMR spectra, together with the large decrease in molecular mass are positive indications for the possibility of recycling cotton into regenerated cellulosic fibres. On the other hand, results show that the specific surface area decreased, which implies that the reactivity of cotton cellulose may decrease during long-term use and laundering.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10570-014-0434-9

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • As the length of the fibres and the constituent molecules are reduced by wear and laundry, fabric and fibre recycling typically yields materials of lower quality than materials made from virgin fibres, unless mixed with yarn from virgin fibres.

    “As the length of the fibres and the constituent molecules are reduced by wear and laundry (Palme et al., 2014), fabric and fibre recycling typically yields materials of lower quality (if quality is defined in terms of fibre quality) than materials made from virgin fibres (unless mixed with yarn from virgin fibres).”

    From Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling – A review (2018) · cites this paper as Palme et al., 2014

    The Introduction says laundering reduces the degree of polymerization of cotton cellulose, and the Abstract reports a substantial decrease in molecular mass after more than 50 launderings. These support shortening of the constituent molecules. The paper describes fibre abrasion and damage in Results and discussion, but does not establish that wear and laundering reduce fibre length. The citation is attached to that first clause, not to the subsequent claim about recycled-material quality or mixing with virgin yarn. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 36

  1. Ahn K, Rosenau T, Potthast A (2013) The influence of alkaline reserve on the aging behavior of book papers. Cellulose 20(4):1989-2001. doi:10.1007/s10570-013-9978-3 · DOI
  2. Atalla RH, VanderHart DL (1999) The role of solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy in studies of the nature of native celluloses. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 15(1):1-19. doi:10.1016/S0926-2040(99)00042-9 · DOI
  3. Buisson YL, Rajasekaran K, French AD, Conrad DC, Roy PS (2000) Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cotton fabric damage by tumble drying. Text Res J 70(8):739-743. doi:10.1177/004051750007000813 · DOI
  4. Chunilall V, Bush T, Larsson PT, Iversen T, Kindness A (2010) A CP/MAS (13)C-NMR study of cellulose fibril aggrega- tion in eucalyptus dissolving pulps during drying and the correlation between aggregate dimensions and chemical reactivity. Holzforschung 64(6):693-698. doi:10.1515/hf. 2010.097 · DOI
  5. Davidson GF (1948) The acidic properties of cotton cellulose and derived oxycelluloses. Part II. The absorption of methylene blue. J Tex Inst Trans 39(3):T65-T86. doi:10. 1080/19447024808659403 · DOI
  6. Fardim P, Holmbom B, Ivaska A, Karhu J, Mortha G, Laine J (2002) Critical comparison and validation of methods for determination of anionic groups in pulp fibres. Nord Pulp Paper Res J 17(3):346-351
  7. Franzon O, Samuelson O (1957) Degradation of cellulose by alkali cooking. Svensk Papperstidning 60(23):872-877
  8. Goynes WR, Rollins ML (1971) A scanning electron-micro- scope study of washer-dryer abrasion in cotton fibers. Text Res J 41(3):226-231. doi:10.1177/004051757104100307 · DOI
  9. Henniges U, Kostic M, Borgards A, Rosenau T, Potthast A (2011) Dissolution behavior of different celluloses. Bio- macromolecules 12(4):871-879. doi:10.1021/bm101555q · DOI
  10. Hubbe MA, Venditti RA, Rojas OJ (2007) What happens to cellulosic fibres during papersmaking and recycling? A review. BioResources 2(4):739-788
  11. Hult E-L, Larsson PT, Iversen T (2001) Cellulose fibril aggre- gation-an inherent property of kraft pulps. Polymer 42(8):3309-3314
  12. Idstro ¨m A, Brelid H, Nyde ´n M, Nordstierna L (2013) CP/MAS 13C NMR study of pulp hornification using nanocrystalline cellulose as a model system. Carbohydr Polym 92(1):881-884. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.097 · DOI
  13. Kato KL, Cameron RE (1999) A review of the relationship between thermally-accelerated ageing of paper and hornifi- cation. Cellulose 6(1):23-40. doi:10.1023/a:1009292120151 · DOI
  14. Kleman-Leyer K, Agosin E, Conner AH, Kirk TK (1992) Changes in molecular size distribution of cellulose during attack by white rot and brown rot fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 58(4):1266-1270
  15. Knill CJ, Kennedy JF (2003) Degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions. Carbohydr Polym 51(3):281-300. doi:10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00183-2 · DOI
  16. Ko ¨hnke T, Lund K, Brelid H, Westman G (2010) Kraft pulp hornification: a closer look at the preventive effect gained by glucuronoxylan adsorption. Carbohydr Polym 81(2):226-233. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.023 · DOI
  17. Laivins GV, Scallan AM (1993) The mechanism of hornification of wood pulps. In: Baker CF (ed) Products of papermaking. Transactions of the 10th fundamental research symposium. Pira International, Oxford, pp 1235-1260
  18. Lindholm C-A (1992) Alkaline extraction of ozone-bleached pulp Part 2. Effect of leachable lignin. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 07(2):095-101. doi:10.3183/NPPRJ-1992-07-02-p095-101 · DOI
  19. Loon LR, Glaus MA (1997) Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories. J Environ Polym Degr 5(2):97-109. doi:10.1007/bf02763593 · DOI
  20. Negulescu II, Kwon H, Collier BJ, Collier JR, Pendse A (1998) Recycling cotton from cotton/polyester fabrics. Text Chem Color 30(6):31-35
  21. Nelson R, Oliver DW (1971) Study of cellulose structure and its relation to reactivity. J Polym Sci Part C Polym Symp 36(1):305-320. doi:10.1002/polc.5070360122 · DOI
  22. Nelson ML, Rousselle MA, Ramey HH Jr, Barker GL (1980) Closed-boll cotton. Part I. Properties of never-dried cotton fibers before and after aqueous formaldehyde treatment. Text Res J 50:491-499. doi:10.1177/00405175800500 0804 · DOI
  23. Newman RH (1999) Estimation of the lateral dimensions of cellulose crystallites using 13C NMR signal strengths. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 15(1):21-29. doi:10.1016/ S0926-2040(99)00043-0 · DOI
  24. Newman R (2004) Carbon-13 NMR evidence for cocrystalli- zation of cellulose as a mechanism for hornification of bleached kraft pulp. Cellulose 11(1):45-52. doi:10.1023/ B:CELL.0000014768.28924. · DOI
  25. Park S, Baker J, Himmel M, Parilla P, Johnson D (2010) Cel- lulose crystallinity index: measurement techniques and their impact on interpreting cellulase performance. Bio- technol Biofuels 3(1):10
  26. Po ¨nni R, Vuorinen T, Kontturi E (2012) Proposed nano-scale coalescence of cellulose in chemical pulp fibers during technical treatments. BioResources 7(4):6077-6108
  27. Porter BR, Rollins ML (1972) Changes in porosity of treated lint cotton fibers. I. Purification and swelling treatments. J Appl Polym Sci 16(1):217-236. doi:10.1002/app.1972.070160 119 · DOI
  28. Timpa JD, Ramey HH (1989) Molecular characterization of three cotton varieties. Text Res J 59(11):661-664. doi:10. 1177/004051758905901105 · DOI
  29. Vaeck SV (1966) Chemical and mechanical wear of cotton fabric in laundering. J Soc Dyers Colour 82(10):374-379. doi:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1966.tb02684.x · DOI
  30. Virtanen T, Liisa Maunu S, Tamminen T, Hortling B, Liitia ¨T (2008) Changes in fiber ultrastructure during various kraft pulping conditions evaluated by 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 73(1):156-163. doi:10. 1016/j.carbpol.2007.11.015 · DOI
  31. Wakelyn PJ, Bertoniere NR, French AD, Thibodeaux DP, Triplett BA, Rousselle M-A, Goynes WR Jr, Edwards JV, Hunter L, McAlister DD, Gamble GR (2007) Cotton fibers. In: Menachem L (ed) Handbook of fibre chemistry, 3rd edn. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 521-666
  32. Wang XS, Maloney TC, Paulapuro H (2003) Internal fibrillation in never-dried and once-dried chemical pulps. Appita J 56(6):455-459
  33. Weise U (1998) Hornification: mechanisms and terminology. Pap Ja Puu-Pap Timber 80(2):110-115
  34. Wickholm K (2001) Structural elements in native cellulose. Dissertation, Royal Institute of Technology Wickholm K, Larsson PT, Iversen T (1998) Assignment of non- crystalline forms in cellulose I by CP/MAS C-13 NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 312(3):123-129. doi:10. 1016/s0008-6215(98)00236-5 · DOI
  35. Wilson WK, Parks EJ (1979) An analysis of the aging of paper: possible reactions and their effects on measurable proper- ties. Restaurator 3:37-61. doi:10.1515/rest.1979.3.1-2.37 · DOI
  36. Woodings C (2001) Regenerated cellulose fibres. Woodhead Publishing in association with the Textile Institute, Cambridge

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Palme, A., Idström, A., Nordstierna, L., & Brelid, H.
Affiliations
Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
ORCID
Venue
Cellulose
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2014-09-17
Volume
21
Issue
6
Pages
4681-4691
ISSN
  • 0969-0239 (ISSN-L)
  • 1572-882X
DOI
10.1007/s10570-014-0434-9
OpenAlex
W2147741486
Cited by
64
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3
FWCI
1.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cellulose (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Stiftelsen för Miljöstrategisk Forskning
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Dyeing and Modifying Textile Fibers
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer crystallization and properties
Keywords
cotton cellulose, laundering, cellulose degradation, molecular weight distribution, water retention value, specific surface area, cellulose crystallinity, carboxylate groups, textile recycling, intrinsic viscosity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review