Psychometric properties of the social problem solving inventory-revised short-form: is the short form a valid and reliable measure for young adults?
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The Social Problem-Solving Inventory Revised has good internal consistency and test-retest reliability in a previous validation study.
“The SPSI‐R:SF possesses good levels of internal consistency and test–retest reliability, with internal consistency coefficients ranging from 0.73 for ICS; 0.80 for RPS; 0.82 for PPO; to 0.86 for both NPO and AS, shown in a previous validation study (Hawkins, Sofronoff, & Sheffield., 2009).”
From Do anxiety, depression, and intolerance of uncertainty contribute to social problem solving in adult women with anorexia nervosa? (2020) · cites this paper as Hawkins, Sofronoff, & Sheffield., 2009
The NPO subscale of the SPSI-R-SF has been shown to yield a Cronbach's alpha level of 0.83-0.86 and a test-retest reliability of 0.79 over a three week period in adults.
“The NPO subscale has been shown to yield a Cronbach's alpha level of 0.83-0.86 and a test-retest reliability of 0.79 over a three week period in adults (D'Zurilla et al., 2002;Hawkins, Sofronoff, & Sheffield, 2009).”
From The efficacy of a group-based, disorder-specific treatment program for childhood GAD - A randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as Hawkins et al., 2009
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 36,049 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696 · see citing works
Nunnally, J. C. 1.-1., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994) · Cited by 9,365 · see citing works
Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.97.3.562 · Cited by 3,419 · see citing works
A Brief Guide to Structural Equation Modeling
Weston, R., & Gore, P. A. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006286345 · Cited by 2,718 · see citing works
Problem solving and behavior modification.
D'Zurilla, T. J., & Goldfried, M. R. (1971) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031360 · Cited by 2,257 · see citing works
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. (1984) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294170 · Cited by 1,775 · see citing works
The development and implications of a personal problem-solving inventory.
Heppner, P. P., & Petersen, C. H. (1982) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.29.1.66 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
Development and preliminary evaluation of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory.
D’Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (1990) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.2.2.156 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Sample Size Effects on Chi Square and Other Statistics Used in Evaluating Causal Models
Bearden, W. O., Sharma, S., & Teel, J. E. (1982) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151716 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Problem-Solving Therapy: A Positive Approach to Clinical Intervention
D’Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (2006) · Cited by 424 · see citing works
A factor-analytic study of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory: An integration of theory and data
Maydeu‐Olivares, A., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (1996) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02228030 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Problem solving and behavior therapy revisited
Nezu, A. M. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80002-9 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Beck, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710170040004 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Differences in psychological distress between effective and ineffective problem solvers.
Nezu, A. M. (1985) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.32.1.135 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The relationship between problem-solving self-appraisal and psychological adjustment
Heppner, P. P., & Anderson, W. P. (1985) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173090 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Spence, S. H., Sheffield, J. K., & Donovan, C. L. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3102_07 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationPriester, M. J., & Clum, G. A. (1993) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.40.1.79 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Heppner, P. P., & Petersen, C. H. (1982) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t04336-000 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Some Aspects of Cognitive Functioning in Suicidal Children
Orbach, I., Rosenheim, E., & HARY, E. (1987) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198703000-00010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Life Stress, Problem Solving, Perfectionism, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese
Cheng, S. (2001) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1010788513083 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Which Social Problem-Solving Components Buffer Depression in Adolescent Girls?
Frye, A. A., & Goodman, S. H. (2000) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005583210589 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Miner, R. C., & Dowd, E. T. (1996) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515079608256361 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Out of Options: A Cognitive Model of Adolescent Suicide and Risk-Taking
Sofronoff, K. V., Dalgleish, L. I., & Kosky, R. J. (2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationYoman, J., & Edelstein, B. A. (1993) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80214-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Donnelly, T. J., Palermo, T. M., & Newton-John, T. R. O. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001833 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Impaired neural processing of social attribution in anorexia nervosa
McAdams, C. J., & Krawczyk, D. C. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.06.016 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Visser, M. M., Heijenbrok-Kal, M. H., van‘t Spijker, A., Lannoo, E., Busschbach, J. J. V., & Ribbers, G. M. (2016) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.115.010961 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Holmes, M. C., Donovan, C. L., Farrell, L. J., & March, S. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Chu, C., Walker, K. L., Stanley, I. H., Hirsch, J. K., Greenberg, J. H., Rudd, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000152 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Problem-Solving Ability and Stress Mediate the Relationship Between Creativity and Happiness
Tan, C., Tan, S. A., Hashim, I. H. M., Lee, M.-N., Ong, A. W., & Yaacob, S. N. (2019) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2019.1568155 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Visser, M. M., Heijenbrok‐Kal, M. H., Spijker, A. V., Oostra, K. M., Busschbach, J. J. V., & Ribbers, G. M. (2015) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.04.007 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hearn, C. S., Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., March, S., & Holmes, M. C. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0703-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hearn, C. S., Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., & March, S. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.052 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Problem‐Solving Orientations, Financial Self‐Efficacy, and Student‐Loan Repayment Stress
Shim, S., Serido, J., & Lee, S. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12228 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Wilson, C. J., Bushnell, J., Rickwood, D., Caputi, P., & Thomas, S. J. (2011) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.5172/jamh.2011.10.1.52 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Daffern, M., Simpson, K., Ainslie, H., & Chu, S. (2017) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2017.1352014 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Barakat, L. P., Daniel, L. C., Smith, K. E., Robinson, M. R., & Patterson, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-013-9379-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Donovan, C. L., Holmes, M. C., & Farrell, L. J. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rejection Sensitivity and Depression: Indirect Effects Through Problem Solving
Kraines, M. A., & Wells, T. T. (2017) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2016.1185891 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sternheim, L., Danner, U., van Elburg, A., & Harrison, A. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1588 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The SPSI-R:SF possesses good levels of internal consistency and test–retest reliability, with internal consistency coefficients ranging from 0.73 for ICS; 0.80 for RPS; 0.82 for PPO; to 0.86 for both NPO and AS, shown in a previous validation study (Hawkins, Sofronoff, & Sheffield., 2009).”
MethodInfluentialSocial problem solving in social anxiety disorder
Romano, M., Moscovitch, D. A., Ma, R., & Huppert, J. D. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102152 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Depressive Rumination and Social Problem Solving in Japanese University Students
Hasegawa, A., Yoshida, T., Hattori, Y., Nishimura, H., Morimoto, H., & Tanno, Y. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.2.134 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hearn, C. S., Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., & March, S. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.005 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Problem-Solving After Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescence: Associations With Functional Outcomes
Wade, S. L., Cassedy, A. E., Fulks, L. E., Taylor, H. G., Stancin, T., Kirkwood, M. W., Yeates, K. O., & Kurowski, B. G. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.03.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Visser, M. M., Heijenbrok‐Kal, M. H., Spijker, A. V. ’., Ribbers, G. M., & Busschbach, J. J. V. (2013) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-67 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chalmers, C., LEATHEM, J. M., Bennett, S. T., McNaughton, H., & Mahawish, K. M. (2017) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1408707 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sorsdahl, K. R., Stein, D. J., & MYERS, B. J. (2015) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12192 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hou, W. K., Liang, L., Hougen, C., & Bonanno, G. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063103 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Walker, K. L., Hirsch, J. K., Chang, E. C., & Jeglic, E. L. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9755-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Walker, K. L., Chang, E. C., & Hirsch, J. K. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9648-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lévesque, A., Béliveau, J., Ogez, D., Marcil, V., Curnier, D. Y., Laverdière, C., Sinnett, D., Péloquin, K., & Sultan, S. (2022) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.6075 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Wu, Q., & Slesnick, N. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.07.005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Viola, A., Kwok, G., Levonyan‐Radloff, K., Manne, S. L., Noll, R. B., Phipps, S., Sahler, O. J. Z., & Devine, K. A. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14133124 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Testing a Model of Depression Among T hai Adolescents
Vatanasin, D., Thapinta, D., Thompson, E. A., & Thungjaroenkul, P. (2012) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12012 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Individual differences and health in chronic pain: are sex-differences relevant?
Suso-Ribera, C., Martínez-Borba, V., Martín-Brufau, R., Suso-Vergara, S., & García-Palacios, A. (2019) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-019-1182-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome
Trick, L., Watkins, E. R., Henley, W., Gandhi, M. M., & Dickens, C. (2019) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.06.012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Li, C., Waid-Ebbs, J. K., Velozo, C. A., & Heaton, S. C. (2015) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2015.1044458 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pedrini, L., Rossi, R., Magni, L. R., Lanfredi, M., Meloni, S., Ferrari, C., Macis, A., Lopizzo, N., Zonca, V., & Cattaneo, A. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05886-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
van Horn, J. E., & Wilpert, J. (2017) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294117702362 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Forooshani, S. A., Murray, K. E., Khawaja, N. G., & Izadikhah, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666807 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Holmes, M. C., Donovan, C. L., & Farrell, L. J. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.4.275 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hatcher, S., Heisel, M. J., Ayonrinde, O., Campbell, J. K., Colman, I., Corsi, D. J., Edgar, N. E., Gillett, L., Kennedy, S. H., Hunt, S. L., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04424-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Walker, K. L., Kaniuka, A. R., Sirois, F. M., Chang, E. C., & Hirsch, J. K. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-0019-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wu, Q., Zhang, J., Walsh, L., & Slesnick, N. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000372 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Promoting Protective Factors for Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents at Risk
Knappe, S., Aresin, M., Stephan, Y., Grosselli, L., Lewitzka, U., Bürger, A., e.V., W., & Hoyer, J. (2024) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000447 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Schepers, S. A., Phipps, S., Devine, K. A., Noll, R. B., Fairclough, D. L., Dolgin, M. J., Ingman, K. A., Schneider, N. M., Voll, M. E., Askins, M. A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213784 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bothamley, S. L., & Tully, R. J. (2017) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x17734801 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ersoy, M., & Dağyar, M. (2022) · Problems of Education in the 21st Century · doi:10.33225/pec/22.80.693 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ji, M., Sereika, S. M., Rohay, J. M., & Erlen, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20180509-05 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reliability and Validity of Social Problem Solving Inventory-Revised-Short Form(K-SPSI-R-SF)
김홍석, 장효강, & 최이순 (2013) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2013.32.3.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xiao, H., Lin, R., Qiaoling, W., Shen, S.-L., & Yan, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608676 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Haigh, E. A. P., Quiñones, V., & Moore, M. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.32.4.285 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Huang, T. (2014) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Asghar, B. A., Ranjbar, M., & Ali, B. (2012) · Majallah-i dānishgāh-i ̒ulūm-i pizishkī-i Māzandarān/Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reception to and Efficacy of a Serious Video Game for Correctional Intervention: Project Choices
Diehl, K. J., Morgan, R. D., King, C., Ingram, P. B., & Mitchell, C. (2024) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548241268043 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Civic Intentions and Actions: Exploring Civic Engagement among College Students in Mainland China
Zaff, J. F., Pan, J., Zhang, W., & Zhen, S. (2018) · eJournal of Public Affairs · doi:10.21768/ejopa.v6i3.5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ghazal, L., Cui, N., & Cao, F. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086393 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Associations Between Reflective Rumination and Related Constructs
Plummer, B. P. (2016) · DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wilner, J. G., Cho, E., Nadai, A. S. D., Au, J. S., Russo, J. M., Kaplan, C., Naclerio, M., Lee, E., Salisbury, A., & Dickstein, D. P. (2025) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2025.2476987 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cherrier, C., Potard, C., Rüsch, E., & Courtois, R. (2025) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2024.101011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ekici, Y. D. D. D. İ., & Balim, D. D. A. G. (2013) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bayani, A. A., & Ranjbar, M. (2012) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
الشريف, إ. ص. ا. ح. (2022) · المجلة التربوية لکلية التربية بسوهاج · doi:10.21608/edusohag.2022.211284 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
López, R., Esposito-Smythers, C., Defayette, A. B., Harris, K. M., Seibel, L., & Whitmyre, E. D. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104398 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Szabo, J., Koerner, N., & Carney, C. E. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101792 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pugliese, C. E. (2012) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Walker, K. L. (2014) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)
Zaccheo, V. (2016) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine)
عوض, أ. ع. ا. ج. (2021) · مجلة العلوم التربوية بکلية التربية بالغردقة، جامعة جنوب الوادى · doi:10.21608/mseg.2022.89756.1035
الفقي, ع. ا. ع. ا. (2020) · Al-Mağallah Al-ʿilmiyyaẗ Li Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ Al-Nawʿiyyaẗ - Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Munūfiyyaẗ · doi:10.21608/molag.2020.206152
اجترار الأفکار وعلاقته بمهارات حل المشکلات الاجتماعیة لدى طلاب جامعة الأزهر ذوی الأعراض الاکتئابیة
السید, ا. ع. أ., رزق, ا. غ. م., & سعاده, س. أ. س. أ. (2022) · التربية (الأزهر) مجلة علمية محکمة للبحوث التربوية والنفسية والاجتماعية) · doi:10.21608/jsrep.2022.257409
Slesnick, N., Brakenhoff, B. R., Chavez, L. J., Cuthbertson, C. L., Famelia, R., Feng, X., Ford, J. L., Holowacz, E., Jaderlund, S., Kelleher, K. J., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-07997-y
Mohseni, M., & Salehi, S. (2024) · Iranian Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.32598/irj.22.2.1940.2
Pizzulo, A., Slesnick, N., & Feng, X. (2025) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2025.2493395
Kamışlı, S. (2026) · Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.4103/njcp.njcp_518_25
de Lange, J., Telman, L. G. E., van den Heuvel, M. W. H., Vroegindeweij, A., & Bodden, D. H. M. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04252-8
Emotion-Centered Problem-Solving Therapy For Depression
Nezu, A. M., & Nezu, C. M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29009-1.00122-0
- Authors
- Hawkins, D., Sofronoff, K., & Sheffield, J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sofronoff, Kate
- ORCID
- Sheffield, Jeanie
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2008-08-20
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 462-470
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W2001189075
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Problem Solving Skills Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- social problem-solving ability, psychometric properties, young adults, university students, convergent validity, discriminant validity, reliability statistics, depressive symptoms, self-report measures
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review