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Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense
Open accessAbstract
Drawing on ethnographic research with radical right-wing activists in Italy and Poland, my article reflects on the ways in which the Gramscian framework may enhance our understanding of the present-day political landscape. Gramsci’s role in the article is threefold. First, since he was a keen observer of fascist developments, I relate his observations on fascism and inquire into their relevance for understanding the rise of the far right today. Second, I explore the agendas of the movements I studied through the Gramscian lens. Inspired by the special issue’s editors, I examine the extent to which Gramsci’s concept of “common sense” is helpful for analyzing contemporary far-right activism. Third, I relate my own ethnographic observation to analyses of a broader terrain of far-right politics to shed light on the phenomenon of “far-right Gramscianism.” Bringing together all these observations on the radical right, “common sense” and Gramsci’s legacy, I reflect on the complex interrelationship between the radical right and the radical left.
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TL;DR
Drawing on ethnographic research with radical right-wing youth movements in Italy and Poland, the article argues that Gramsci’s concepts—especially “common sense” and organic intellectuals—help explain contemporary far-right activism and its borrowings from left-wing ideas. It also reflects on “far-right Gramscianism” and the complex affinities between the radical right and radical left.
Key findings
- Gramsci’s reflections on fascism’s success as a response to interrelated crises and left-wing weakness remain relevant for understanding today’s far right; the article proposes viewing movements like LA and PP as “projects under construction.”
- Italy’s Loyalty Action (LA) combines social assistance with cultural work, appealing to “common sense” and acting as organic intellectuals; in one Milan food distribution, a left-wing resident praised the “good lads” without realizing they were from a far-right organization.
- Poland’s Polish Labor (PP) promotes an ethnonationalist social economy including progressive taxation, social housing, worker unions, and a reformed labor code; Krystian argues “anti-capitalism needs to be global,” but says Ukrainians and Belarusians should act against capitalism at home. The article notes that 1.5 million Ukrainian citizens worked in Poland in 2019, a four-fold increase over five years.
- The article identifies “far-right Gramscianism” and shared features between radical left and radical right, including anti-Americanism, rejection of the market economy and neoliberalism, anti-Zionism, protectionist policies, and the autarchy model, while warning against mistaking empathy for sympathy or “domesticating” the far right.
Methods
- Ethnographic research since 2016 on transnational cooperation between youth far-right movements, with a special focus on Italy and Poland; the protagonists are two movements: Loyalty Action (LA) in Italy and Polish Labor (PP) in Poland.
- Data come from participant observation, conversations, movement events, conferences, social assistance activities, and online materials; the main analysis interprets these through a Gramscian framework, especially common sense, organic intellectuals, hegemony, and Caesarism.
Limitations
- Stated: the author uses “far-right” with reservation because the term does not precisely render agendas combining radical nationalism with socialist thought; the article also notes there is no single far-right agenda today and that asking what Gramsci would say is “quixotic.”
- Evident from the text: the two featured movements do not work together, PP is much less numerous and widespread than LA, and the ethnographic material centers on two movements among a broader studied milieu, with members predominantly male.
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Claims the paper makes
19 Own interpretation · 19 No basis given · 14 Own result · 4 Sources not found · 4 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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In the paper
“Instead, the discourse concerning the rights and priority of “autochthones,” including their own and their ancestors’ hard work, are presented as “natural” and “normal,” as reasonable and justifiable claims that “simply” represent social justice.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“What they do and claim is centered on the idea of work and on the plight of working people.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Warsaw/Katowice, 2020
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In the paper
“Thanks to “cultural work,” they successfully promote a “commonsensical” narrative on Europe’s “natural” ethnic composition and the need to defend the white autochthonous population, transforming exclusionary discourses into those featuring the societal order, justice, and deservingness.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“On the contrary, what the movements I study reveal is a clear re-articulation of specific ideological positions that inspire their own projects.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Introduction
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In the paper
“However, only discussing LA activism in terms of political gains means neglecting a specific philosophy that informs their social assistance practices.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“In proposing their clearly defined and carefully organized social assistance program, LA members challenge new models of welfare and volunteerism, which were thoroughly analyzed by Andrea Muehlebach (2012) in her discussion of the ways in which volunteerism and charity have become constitutive elements of “moral” neoliberalism.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Muehlebach 2012 source
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In the paper
“As my discussion demonstrates, Gramsci has had a profound impact on far-right milieus.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Introduction
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In the paper
“Referring once again to Crehan’s analysis, we should thus recall that the struggle for hegemony does not mean “the creation of new narratives by new organic intellectuals, but rather the effective dissemination of already existing narratives, recrafted to resonate with the concerns of a given historical moment” (2016: 119).”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crehan 2016: 119 source
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In the paper
“It is also important to add here that while they are appealing to people’s common sense, their view of common sense is far from romantic.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“Rather, the project gives far-right militants a chance to act as “organic intellectuals” whose aim is to articulate the disfranchised, neglected groups’ needs in a coherent form with the aim of proposing common-sense policies.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“If the left does not want to recognize it, it is because of “the fear of contamination,” as suggested by Giacomo Loperfido (2018) who draws on Mary Douglas’s seminal work to explain the persistence of “moral prejudice” in the left–right dynamics.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Loperfido 2018 source
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In the paper
“I consider how a “far-right” common sense emerges through heterogeneous experiences and understandings and I relate it to Gramsci’s reflections on culture.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Introduction
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In the paper
“What connects the studied movements is that they are critical of liberal democracy, argue in favor of national autarchy, and link the defense of “traditional family” with the “national/patriotic cause.””
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today
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In the paper
“fascism is a rich source of inspiration, but not fully adaptable to the current circumstances.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“Like Gramsci, who at times expressed disdain for the “folk,” LA activists tend to express annoyance about the people’s ignorance and backwardness.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“Labor immigration precludes all of this, and thus is to be limited and controlled.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“As he explained to me, human dignity flourishes thanks to the use of one’s resources — through one’s labor — for which people receive fair pay; thanks to the possibility of living with family and community; and through rootedness in a culture and a territory, one’s natural environment.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“the movement’s key aim, as Reno explained to me, is to lead to “national rebirth” before Italy “gets totally destroyed by immigration.””
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“He justifies his objection on several grounds. The first is a recognition that he shares with numerous other people in Europe and beyond: migrants mean competition and wages drops, and thus are not beneficial to the local (Polish) populations.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Warsaw/Katowice, 2020
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In the paper
“LA strongly criticizes the privatization of welfare, arguing that a well-functioning state should be in charge of activities undertaken by them in the state’s absence.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“As mentioned in the introduction, Krystian is the founder of the organization Polish Labor, which he established after leaving another far-right group. Within the last four years, Krystian has managed to gather several dozen activists and establish organizational structures in several Polish cities.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Warsaw/Katowice, 2020
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In the paper
“Yet to be able to act and spread their agenda, they establish alliances with political parties, and end up cooperating and campaigning in the name of the political agendas they claim to challenge.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Left, right, and the theft of Gramsci
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“Many of the activities carried out by PP might equally have been offered by a left-wing organization. They offer free school tutoring for children from needy families and legal advice in the areas of labor law, social assistance, and house rentals.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Warsaw/Katowice, 2020
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In the paper
“The social assistance project is part and parcel of LA’s broader agenda. The second key field of activism is diverse “cultural initiatives.””
- Also stated in: § Milan 2016/2017 · plain
“By organizing conferences and debates, publishing books and creating news platforms, LA engages in philosophical, historical, and anthropological arguments to offer an alternative way of thinking about issues as diverse as Plato’s criticism of democracy, heroism of Italian soldiers during the First World War, and the future of Europe.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“Although food package recipients are unlikely visitors to such events, cultural activism is meant to work in tandem with social assistentialism: both are supposed to repair what Reno describes as damage brought about by neoliberalism, “economic” and “mental” precarity.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“Reno would always emphasize that he and his movement are not against immigrants, but against immigration policies.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“As I have shown, far-right militants are also keen to take ideas from the other side of the political spectrum — or from the other top of the horseshoe — a transfer of ideas which, to the best of my knowledge, rarely goes the other way (i.e., from right to left).”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Left, right, and the theft of Gramsci
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In the paper
“Movements such as LA and PP claim to perceive the globalized economic order as the key enemy and neoliberal capitalism as a morally and culturally destructive system.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Left, right, and the theft of Gramsci
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In the paper
“In proposing such interpretations, however, it is important to bear in mind that there is no single far-right agenda today. Even Gramscian inspirations may mean quite different things: while some radical right-wing militants take Gramsci’s anti-capitalism seriously, others strip Gramscianism of its Marxist origins, focusing only on cultural hegemony.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Left, right, and the theft of Gramsci
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“The activists’ appeal to common sense, which “identifies the exact cause, simple and to hand” (Gramsci 1971: 419), translates in their case into a narrative on the state elites and left-wing politicians who are uninterested in Italian people’s lives, concerned only with migrants’ well-being, and, as such, to blame for the problems the inhabitants are facing.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gramsci 1971: 419
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In the paper
“All of them are youth movements and place a strong emphasis on the communitarian aspects of their activism, presenting themselves as diametrically different from political parties, even though, as I show below, they engage in political agitation for far-right parties.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today
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“PP promotes its ideas and puts them into practice through three forms of activism: “social campaigns” — which in fact mean “information campaigns”; “events” — usually one-day long conferences and fund-raising events; and “library” — publication and promotion of contemporary and historical works by authors who address national and social questions.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Warsaw/Katowice, 2020
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In the paper
“The biggest problem with labor migration, in his view, is the fact that it leads to uprootedness which, in turn, prevents “human flourishing.””
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“The second is the fact that migration to Poland is not beneficial for Ukrainians: they are underpaid in Poland, and often work in scandalous conditions. He states that “Ukrainians are less and less satisfied with the work in Poland. Poles treat them as serfs.””
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Warsaw/Katowice, 2020
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In the paper
“A few months after the Christmas event, LA’s strategy proved successful, as a Lega politician whom they supported was elected to the regional government.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
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In the paper
“The third reason for his objection is that, by leaving Ukraine, migrants — usually young and skilled people — are slowing the process of change in and transformation of their own society. As a consequence, they are also undermining the process of global anti-capitalist change.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Warsaw/Katowice, 2020
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They evoke a basic understanding of the social contract between citizens and the state, with the former having a right to work where they live that should be safeguarded by the state, which in turn ought to guarantee protection for those unable to sustain themselves.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, its goal is to challenge left-wing hegemony in the field of culture and education: promoting activism in front of schools and universities, running a blog, and producing podcasts testify to the movement’s attempts to conquer new territories.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“members — predominantly male — come from all walks of life, with manual workers and unemployed young people engaging in militancy along graduate students and well-off entrepreneurs.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PP shares with many other radical nationalist organizations the belief in sovereign nation-states, criticisms of the E.U. and the U.S., and the rejection of foreign capital. The nation, in their view, has an ethnic basis, and they believe that migration to Poland and Europe ought to be stopped.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Warsaw/Katowice, 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What makes them stand out from similar organizations is their very detailed social economy program, which includes advocating for progressive taxation, availability of social housing, widespread worker unions, and a reformed labor code.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Warsaw/Katowice, 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all these reasons, he is a particularly apt guide for investigating the “fascinating area” between the radical left and the radical right.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“As Annika Lems argues (this issue), “A Gramscian reading of common sense demonstrates that everyday meaning-making practices should not be romanticised. While they carry the potential for a more socially just, progressive world order, they can also be the seeds for a darker, exclusionary future.””
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lems this issue
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether they want to admit it or not, the radical left and radical right share important features, among them strong anti-Americanism, rejection of market economy and condemnation of the neoliberal model (in very broad terms), anti-Zionism, protectionist policies and the autarchy model.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent years have shown that neither being indifferent to these questions nor denouncing them as “xenophobic” and “backward” brings about a solution.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Conclusions
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The contemporary global moment requires other responses, which is what makes movements like his different from left-wing ones that are obsessed with the past.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the emphasis Gramsci puts on its heterogeneous nature, on the fact it constitutes an aggregate of disparate, contradictory conceptions, the concept of common sense sheds light on both the reasons for the far-right success and its potential defeat.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moving beyond this optic is necessary because the “contaminated” terrain between the two appears to be an area where some fundamental questions are currently being addressed: regarding rights of “autochthones” vis-à-vis “migrants,” the idea of “work” as a human right, retrenchment of welfare state, and understanding of what counts as “national culture” or what makes “national identity.””
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Conclusions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inspired by my ethnographic research, in this article I have argued that Gramsci’s ideas may help us to better understand the “fascinating arena” between left-wing and right-wing ideologies, a territory that the far-right movements I have described seem to be fighting for.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is precisely where their wish both to represent “common sense” and to speak to the people’s “common sense” appear with great clarity.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fascism was future-oriented, forward-looking — and the future is LA’s aim.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“he clearly provides an original framework that enables us to understand both the failures and successes of fascism and communism/socialism”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and (neo)fascism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mangoni 1976
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Scholars conducting the ethnography of the far right have long warned about the danger of mistaking empathy for sympathy (Gingrich and Banks 2006).”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gingrich and Banks 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, the weight of the social assistance project does not lie in the actual quantity of help delivered — the packages LA prepares do not dramatically improve the situation of the families they support.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The food packages LA distributes do not dramatically improve the situation of the families they support.
In the paper
“Inspired by Gramsci’s thoughts on fascism, I would like to propose one more: to approach the political agendas of movements such as LA or PP as “projects under construction,” a sort of political experimentation and a search for an answer to the problems here and now (cf. Adamson 1980).”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Left, right, and the theft of Gramsci
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Adamson 1980
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aware of the targeted population’s sentiments, far-right militants appeal to what is considered as self-evident and natural and promise to help restore what appears to be “natural,” “just,” and “proper.””
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, I demonstrate that that we can use Gramsci’s reflections on organic intellectuals and revolution to investigate two aspects of far-right activism: how activists interpret their own action through what they take to be a Gramscian lens and in what way the Gramscian framework helps us to interpret their activism.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and (neo)fascism
boosted- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When asked to comment on how to counter the present-day far right, scholars of fascism — its past and present forms — have noted that beating fascism means addressing those problems that fascism was trying to address in its perverse way.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I aim to show that an emerging “new” far-right common sense is made of very heterogeneous influences (including “heretic” Marxist ideas).”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and (neo)fascism
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although they do not work together, they offer a good representation of a set of concerns and forms of activism that characterized all the studied milieus and, simultaneously, make evident the importance of Gramscian reflection for the understanding of the far-right scene.”
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They are, no doubt, representatives of a new, “contentious European fascism,” whom Douglas Holmes recently (2019) described as proponents of a new “political imaginary which focuses directly on the substance of lifeworlds.””
§ Theft of Gramsci? On the radical right, radical left, and common sense > Gramsci and the far right today > Milan 2016/2017
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holmes 2019 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
The paper relies on this without support.
The food packages LA distributes do not dramatically improve the situation of the families they support.
“the packages LA prepares do not dramatically improve the situation of the families they support.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most far-right movements and parties of the fascist type have drawn extensively, even if inconsistently, on left-wing ideas.
“Most far-right movements and parties of the fascist type have drawn extensively, even if inconsistently, on left-wing ideas.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Alain de Benoist, the founder of Nouvelle Droite, has recently announced his support for La France Insoumise, a left-wing populist political party in France.
“Quite tellingly, the key far-right “importer” of Gramsci’s ideas, Alain de Benoist, the founder of the intellectual–political movement Nouvelle Droite (“New Right”), has recently announced his support for La France Insoumise, a left-wing populist political party in France.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Gramsci would observe that LA and PP, similarly to the fascist movements from whom they claim inspiration, simply pursue a 'revolution without a revolution.'
“Therefore, in concluding our conversation with Gramsci, it is plausible to assume that while appreciating their political experimentation, he might observe that — similarly to the fascist movements from whom they claim inspiration — they simply pursue a “revolution without a revolution.””
Citations
Cites
Selections from the Prison Notebooks
Gramsci, A. (2007) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv120qr2d.14 · Cited by 6,401
The Moral Neoliberal: Welfare and Citizenship in Italy
Muehlebach, A. (2012) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226545417.001.0001 · Cited by 721
A History of Fascism, 1914-1945
Payne, S. G. (1996) · University of Wisconsin Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.36075967 · Cited by 162
Gramsci's Common Sense: Inequality and Its Narratives
Crehan, K. (2016) · doi:10.1215/9780822373742 · Cited by 149
Erdmans, M. P., & Kubı́k, J. (1995) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2077654 · Cited by 87
The Primacy of Culture: The Current Growth (or Manufacture) of Consensus within Fascist Studies
Griffin, R. (2002) · Journal of Contemporary History · doi:10.1177/00220094020370010701 · Cited by 86
Gramsci's concept of common sense: a useful concept for anthropologists?
Crehan, K. (2011) · Journal of Modern Italian Studies · doi:10.1080/1354571x.2011.542987 · Cited by 67
Introduction: The Genesis of Fascism
Mosse, G. L. (1966) · Journal of Contemporary History · doi:10.1177/002200946600100103 · Cited by 60
The ends of revolution: capitalist de-democratization and nationalist populism in the east of Europe
Gökarıksel, S. (2017) · Dialectical Anthropology · doi:10.1007/s10624-017-9464-7 · Cited by 30
Holmes, D. R. (2010) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400823888 · Cited by 30
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Gingrich, Andre, and Markus Banks, eds. 2006. Neo-nationalism in Europe and beyond: Perspectives from social anthropology. London: Berghahn Books.
- Gramsci, Antonio. 1979. Selected writings, 1916–1935 (edited by David Fogacs). London: Lawrence and Wishar.
- Mangoni, Luisa. 1976. Cesarismo, bonapartismo, fascismo. Studi Storici 17 (3): 41–61.
- Sternhell, Zeev. 1986. Neither left nor right. Fascist ideology in France. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Newth, G. H., & Scopelliti, A. (2023) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688231224319 · Cited by 33
Newth, G. H. (2024) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/s41269-023-00327-1 · Cited by 11
TRANSFORMATION OF LOCAL NORMS IN INHERITANCE DIVISION IN PANTURA: A SOCIOLOGY OF LAW APPROACH
Ngazizah, I. F. (2025) · Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law · doi:10.33102/mjsl.vol13no2.1124 · Cited by 5
Hartung, C. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1537-46612023012 · Cited by 4
Welschinger, N., & Wilkis, A. (2025) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/02685809251349979 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Pasieka, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Pasieka, Agnieszka
- Venue
- Dialectical Anthropology
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 417-436
- ISSN
- 0304-4092 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0786
- PMC
- PMC9837012
- OpenAlex
- W4315650256
- Semantic Scholar
- 626b0e21e715f1131aafd24dcb33f9adc5c4d88f
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Dialectical Anthropology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Austrian Science Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political theory and Gramsci
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Italian Fascism and Post-war Society
- Keywords
- Antonio Gramsci, far right, radical right, radical left, common sense, far-right activism, fascism, far-right movements, Italy, Poland
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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