The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Learning analytics dashboards are increasingly becoming about learning and not just analytics - A systematic review
Open accessAbstract
This systematic review explores the emerging themes in the design and implementation of student-facing learning analytics dashboards in higher education. Learning Analytics has long been criticised for focusing too much on the analytics, and not enough on the learning. The review is then guided by an interest in whether these dashboards are still primarily analytics-driven or if they have become pedagogically informed over time. By mapping the identified themes of technological maturity, informing frameworks, affordances, data sources, and analytical levels over publications per year, the review identifies an emerging trajectory towards student-focused dashboards. These dashboards are informed by theory-oriented frameworks, designed to incorporate affordances that supporting student learning, and realised through integration of more than just activity data from learning management systems – allowing the dashboards to better support students' learnings processes. Based on this emerging trajectory, the review provides a series of design recommendations for student-focused dashboards that are connected to learning sciences as well as analytics.
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“Studies frequently equated engagement with observable online behaviours, such as the number of clicks or time logged in, which predominantly captures only the behavioural aspect (Algayres & Triantafyllou, 2019;Paulsen & Lindsay, 2024).”
From Unpacking student engagement in higher education learning analytics: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Paulsen & Lindsay, 2024
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“However, the reliance on static questionnaires has been increasingly questioned, as selfreported learning styles may not accurately reflect learners' actual study behaviors in digital environments.”
From AI for All: Adaptive, Accessible, and Inclusive Learning Experiences in the Age of Intelligent LMSs (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Importantly, discrepancies between self-reported and behavior-derived learning styles were explicitly identified, highlighting the fluid and context-dependent nature of learner preferences [8][9][10][11].”
From AI for All: Adaptive, Accessible, and Inclusive Learning Experiences in the Age of Intelligent LMSs (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
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Cites
The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4 · Cited by 13,874
Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: An Overview
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2 · Cited by 10,197
Learning analytics: drivers, developments and challenges
Ferguson, R. (2012) · International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.1504/ijtel.2012.051816 · Cited by 1,357
Learning Analytics: The Emergence of a Discipline
Siemens, G. (2013) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764213498851 · Cited by 1,284
An Introduction to Systematic Reviews
Gough, D., Oliver, S., & Thomas, J. (2017) · doi:10.4135/9781036234942 · Cited by 1,239
Let’s not forget: Learning analytics are about learning
Gašević, D., Dawson, S., & Siemens, G. (2015) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-014-0822-x · Cited by 1,049
The current landscape of learning analytics in higher education
Viberg, O., Hatakka, M., Bälter, O., & Mavroudi, A. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.027 · Cited by 766 · cited 1×
“One of the most promising sub-fields of LA when it comes to building a link to the learning sciences seems to be Learning Analytics Dashboards (LAD) (Viberg et al., 2018).”
Belur, J., Tompson, L., Thornton, A., & Simon, M. (2021) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124118799372 · Cited by 753
González-Gallardo, C. E., Montes, A., Sierra, G., Núñez-Juárez, J. A., Salinas-López, A. J., & Ek, J. (2015) · conference · Cited by 559
Perceiving Learning at a Glance: A Systematic Literature Review of Learning Dashboard Research
Schwendimann, B. A., Rodríguez‐Triana, M. J., Vozniuk, A., Prieto, L. P., Boroujeni, M. S., Holzer, A., Gillet, D., & Dillenbourg, P. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2016.2599522 · Cited by 551
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Unpacking student engagement in higher education learning analytics: a systematic review
Bergdahl, N., Bond, M., Sjöberg, J., Dougherty, M., & Oxley, E. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00493-y · Cited by 138
Cabral, L., Pinto, R., & Gonçalves, G. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-00964-y · Cited by 66
Possaghi, I., Vesin, B., Zhang, F., Sharma, K., Knudsen, C. S., Bjørkum, H., & Papavlasopoulou, S. (2025) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-025-00410-4 · Cited by 33
Lee, J., & Kim, D. (2024) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-024-09416-2 · Cited by 31
Liu, M., Wu, Z., Dai, H. M., Su, Y., Malik, L., Liao, J., Zhang, W., Guo, S., Liu, L., & Zhao, J. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.70005 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Paulsen, L., & Lindsay, E.
- Affiliations
- Aalborg University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Paulsen, Lucas
- Venue
- Education and Information Technologies
- Published
- 2024-01-05
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 14279-14308
- ISSN
- 1360-2357 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7608
- OpenAlex
- W4390616983
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 9
- FWCI
- 8.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Education and Information Technologies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Aalborg University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Online Learning and Analytics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Big Data and Business Intelligence
- Keywords
- learning analytics dashboards, higher education, learning sciences, virtual learning environments, learning analytics framework, affordances, data sources, levels of analysis, student learning support
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