Review of total suspended particles (TSP) and PM2.5 concentration variations in Asia during the years of 1998–2015
Abstract
In Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and Hong Kong, ambient air total suspended particulates and PM 2.5 concentration data were collected and discussed during the years of 1998-2015 in this study. The aim of the present study was to (1) investigate and collect ambient air total suspended particulates (TSP) and PM 2.5 concentrations for Asian countries during the past two decades. (2) Discuss, analyze and compare those particulates (TSP and PM 2.5) annual concentration distribution trends among those Asian countries during the past two decades. (3) Test the mean concentration differences in TSP and PM 2.5 among the Asian countries during the past decades. The results indicated that the mean TSP concentration order was shown as China > Malaysia > Pakistan > India > Taiwan > Korea > Japan. In addition, the mean PM 2.5 concentration order was shown as Vietnam > India > China > Hong Kong > Mongolia > Korea > Taiwan > Japan and the average percentages of PM 2.5 concentrations for Taiwan, China, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Mongolia and Other (India and Vietnam) were 8, 21, 6, 8, 14, 13 and 30%, respectively, during the past two decades. Moreover, t test results revealed that there were significant mean TSP and PM 2.5 concentration differences for either China or India to any of the countries such as Taiwan, Korea and Japan in Asia during the past two decades for this study. Noteworthy, China and India are both occupied more than 60% of the TSP and PM 2.5 particulates concentrations out of all the Asia countries. As for Taiwan, the average PM 2.5 concentration displayed increasing trend in the years of 1998-1999. However, it showed decreasing trend in the years of 2000-2010. As for Korea, the average PM 2.5 concentrations showed decreasing trend during the years of 2001-2013. Finally, the average PM 2.5 concentrations for Mongolia displayed increasing trend in the years of 2004-2013.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The concentrations of PM2.5 in Asian countries are higher than in European countries.
“The concentrations of PM2.5 in Asian countries are higher than in European countries (https://aqicn.org) (25, 70, 71).”
From Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction. (2021) · cites this paper as [71]
Cites
Chen, Y., Ebenstein, A. Y., Greenstone, M., & Li, H. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1300018110 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
Hoek, G., Brunekreef, B., Bausch-Goldbohm, S., Fischer, P. H., & van den Brandt, P. A. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11280-3 · Cited by 1,547 · see citing works
Khalili, N. R., Scheff, P. A., & Holsen, T. M. (1995) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)00275-p · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
PM 2.5 in China: Measurements, sources, visibility and health effects, and mitigation
Pui, D. Y. H., Chen, S.-C., & Zuo, Z. (2014) · Particuology · doi:10.1016/j.partic.2013.11.001 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Megacities and Atmospheric Pollution
Molina, M. J., & Molina, L. T. (2004) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10473289.2004.10470936 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Long-Term Inhalable Particles and Other Air Pollutants Related to Mortality in Nonsmokers
Abbey, D. E., Nishino, N., McDonnell, W. F., Burchette, R. J., Knutsen, S. F., Beeson, W. L., & YANG, J. X. (1999) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9806020 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
The ion chemistry, seasonal cycle, and sources of PM2.5 and TSP aerosol in Shanghai
Wang, Y., Zhuang, G., Zhang, X., et al. (2006) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.051 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
China׳s international trade and air pollution in the United States
Lin, J., Pan, D., Davis, S. J., Zhang, Q., He, K., Wang, C., Streets, D. G., Wuebbles, D. J., & Guan, D. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1312860111 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Kulshrestha, A., Satsangi, P. G., Masih, J., et al. (2009) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.050 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Tiwari, S., Srivastava, A. K., Bisht, D. S., Parmita, P., Srivastava, M. K., & Attri, S. D. (2013) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.01.011 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Wang, J., Hu, Z., Chen, Y., et al. (2012) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.070 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Characterization of chemical species in PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols in Hong Kong
Ho, K., Lee, S., Chan, C. K., Yu, J. C., Chow, J. C., & Yao, X. (2002) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00804-x · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Spatiotemporal patterns of remotely sensed PM 2.5 concentration in China from 1999 to 2011
Peng, J., Chen, S., Lü, H., Liu, Y., & Wu, J. (2015) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.008 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Hsu, C.-Y., Chiang, H., Lin, S., Chen, M.-J., Lin, T., & Chen, Y. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.122 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2.5 samples in Shanghai, China
Feng, Y., Chen, Y., Guo, H., et al. (2009) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.01.003 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Seasonal variations and chemical compositions of PM2.5 aerosol in the urban area of Fuzhou, China
Xu, L., Chen, X., Chen, J., Zhang, F., He, C. Q., Zhao, J., & Yin, L. (2011) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.017 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Wang, W., Cheng, M., et al. (2017) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.03.054 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Abas, M. R. B., Oros, D. R., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (2004) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.02.002 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The chemical composition of fine and coarse particles in relation with the Asian Dust events
Kim, K., Choi, G.-H., Kang, C., et al. (2003) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00954-8 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Characterization of PM2.5, PM2.5–10 and PM>10 in ambient air, Yokohama, Japan
Khan, M. F., Shirasuna, Y., Hirano, K., & Masunaga, S. (2009) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.12.009 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Chemical constituents in particulate emissions from an integrated iron and steel facility
Tsai, J., LIN, K., Chen, C., et al. (2006) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.12.054 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 chemical composition and source apportionment near a Hong Kong roadway
Cheng, Y., Lee, S., Gu, Z., et al. (2013) · Particuology · doi:10.1016/j.partic.2013.10.003 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Fine particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Shenyang, China
Ma, Y., Chen, R., Pan, G., Xu, X., Song, W., Chen, B., & Kan, H. (2011) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.017 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Meng, C., Wang, L. T., Zhang, F. F., Wei, Z., Ma, S. M., Ma, X., & Yang, J. (2015) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.12.013 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Chemical characteristics of water-soluble components in TSP over Guiyang, SW China, 2003
Xiao, H., & Liu, C. (2004) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.033 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Lai, S., Zhao, Y., Ding, A., et al. (2015) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.08.007 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Fang, G., Chang, C., Chu, C., et al. (2003) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00648-4 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationGeng, F., Hua, J., Mu, Z., Li, P., Xu, X., Chen, R., & Kan, H. (2012) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.007 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Shen, Z., Cao, J., et al. (2015) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.033 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Source apportionment of PM2.5 at the coastal area in Korea
Choi, J.-K., Heo, J., Ban, S.-J., et al. (2013) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.047 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
PM2.5 in an industrial district of Zhengzhou, China: Chemical composition and source apportionment
Geng, N., Wang, J., Xu, Y., et al. (2013) · Particuology · doi:10.1016/j.partic.2012.08.004 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Chemical composition and source apportionment of the ambient PM2.5 in Hangzhou, China
Liu, G., Li, J., Wu, D., et al. (2014) · Particuology · doi:10.1016/j.partic.2014.03.011 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Seasonal pollution characteristics of organic compounds in atmospheric fine particles in Beijing
He, L., Hu, M., Huang, X., Zhang, Y., & Tang, X. (2005) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.044 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Trends of PM 2.5 concentrations in China: A long term approach
Fontes, T., Li, P., Barros, N. A., & Zhao, P. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.074 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Kawashima, H., & Haneishi, Y. (2011) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.015 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Source apportionment of particulate matter in the ambient air of Hyderabad city, India
Gummeneni, S., Yusup, Y., Chavali, M. S., et al. (2011) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.05.002 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Davy, P. K., Gunchin, G., Markwitz, A., et al. (2011) · Atmospheric Pollution Research · doi:10.5094/apr.2011.017 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The public health context for PM2.5 and ozone air quality trends
Fann, N. L., & Risley, D. (2011) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-010-0125-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Chemical characteristics of PM2.5 aerosol in Incheon, Korea
Choi, J.-K., Heo, J., Ban, S.-J., et al. (2012) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.078 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Chemical composition and bioreactivity of PM2.5 during 2013 haze events in China
Ho, K., Ho, S. S. H., Huang, R., et al. (2015) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.055 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Han, Y., Han, Z., Cao, J., et al. (2008) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.020 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Fang, G., Chang, C., Wu, Y., Fu, P. P., Yang, D., & Chu, C. (1999) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00276-4 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of isotopic compositions of nitrate in TSP to identify sources and chemistry in South China Sea
Xiao, H., Xie, L., Long, A., Ye, F., Pan, Y., Li, D., Long, Z.-H., Chen, L., Xiao, H., & Liu, C. (2015) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.006 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Niu, M., Gan, K., Sun, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.071 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Seasonal variation of carbonaceous pollutants in PM2.5 at an urban ‘supersite’ in Shanghai, China
Wang, F., Guo, Z., Lin, T., & Rose, N. L. (2015) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.036 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Shah, M. H., Shaheen, N., & Nazir, R. (2011) · Atmospheric Pollution Research · doi:10.5094/apr.2012.003 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Shah, M. H., & Shaheen, N. (2007) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-007-9575-x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Long-term trend of airborne particulate matter in Seoul, Korea from 2004 to 2013
Ahmed, E., Kim, K., Shon, Z., et al. (2014) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.024 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Han, Y.-J., Kim, H., Cho, S.-H., et al. (2014) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.10.002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lin, Y., Huang, K., Zhuang, G., et al. (2014) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.007 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
PM2.5 in an industrial district of Zhengzhou, China： Chemical composition and source apportionment
Ningbo, Geng, Jia, J., et al. (2013) · 中国颗粒学报：英文版 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Chen, L., Peng, S., Liu, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60805-x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Source identification of PM2.5 particles measured in Gwangju, Korea
Lee, H., Park, S. S., Kim, K. W., et al. (2007) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.10.013 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Comparison of ionic and carbonaceous compositions of PM2.5 in 2009 and 2012 in Shanghai, China
Zhao, M., Qiao, T., Huang, Z., et al. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.100 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Roadside levels and traffic emission rates of PM2.5 and BTEX in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Nguyen, G. T. H., & Oanh, N. T. K. (2014) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.074 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Kume, K., Ohura, T., Noda, T., Amagai, T., & Fusaya, M. (2006) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.079 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Schleicher, N., Chen, Y., Chai, F., & Norra, S. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.049 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Jugder, D., Shinoda, M., Kimura, R., et al. (2014) · Aeolian Research · doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.04.005 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Yorifuji, T., Kashima, S., & Doi, H. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.211 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cao, J., Lee, S., Ho, K., et al. (2003) · 中国颗粒学报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/s1672-2515(07)60097-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Assessment of particulate matter variation during 2011–2015 over a tropical station Agra, India
Gogikar, P., & Tyagi, B. (2016) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.063 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Li, T., Yuan, C., Huang, H.-C., Lee, C., Wu, S.-P., & Tong, C. (2016) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.10.010 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fang, G., & Chang, S.-C. (2010) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.07.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacteristics of TSP and PM2.5 measured at Tokchok Island in the Yellow Sea
Lee, S., Bae, G. N., Moon, K.-C., & Kim, Y. P. (2002) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00671-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fang, G., Chang, S.-C., Chen, Y., et al. (2014) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.02.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationJo, H., & Kim, C. (2013) · Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology · doi:10.1175/jamc-d-11-0235.1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ikemori, F., Honjyo, K., Yamagami, M., et al. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.006 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zhao, Y., & Zhao, C. (2012) · Procedia Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.133 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mortality associated with particulate concentration and Asian dust storms in Metropolitan Taipei
Wang, Y.-C., & Lin, Y. (2015) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.055 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lin, Y., Chen, C., Yeh, H., et al. (2015) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/jes.2015.70 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The effect of particulate matter size on cardiovascular health in Taipei Basin, Taiwan
Yang, H., Chang, S.-H., Lu, R., & Liou, D.-M. (2016) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.08.014 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Long-term behavior of particulate matters at urban roadside and background locations in Seoul, Korea
Kim, K., Pandey, S. K., Nguyen, H. T., Chung, S.-Y., Cho, S.-J., Kim, M.-Y., Oh, J., & Sunwoo, Y. (2010) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2009.12.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
TSP aerosol source apportionment in the urban region of the Indian steel city, Rourkela
Kavuri, N. C., Paul, K. K., & Roy, N. (2014) · Particuology · doi:10.1016/j.partic.2014.07.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Arakaki, T., Azechi, S., Somada, Y., et al. (2014) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.040 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fang, G., Chang, C., Wang, N.-P., et al. (2000) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00055-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- He, K. H., Yang, F. M., & Duan, F. K. (2011). Atmospheric particulate matter and regional complex air pollution. Beijing: Science Press.
- Li, D., Liu, J., Zhang, J., Gui, H., Du, P., Yu, T., Wang, J., Lu, Y., Liu, W., & Cheng, Y. (2016). Identification of long-range transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing from 2014 to 2015. Journal of Environmental Sciences. In Press, Corrected Proof—Note to users.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction.
Kim, B. E., Kim, J., Goleva, E., Berdyshev, E., Lee, J., Vang, K. A., Lee, U. H., Han, S., Leung, S., Hall, C. F., et al. (2021) · JCI insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.145185 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fang, G.-C., Zhuang, Y.-J., Cho, M.-H., Huang, C.-Y., Xiao, Y.-F., & Tsai, K.-H.
- Affiliations
- Hungkuang University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Fang, Guor-Cheng
- ORCID
- Fang, Guor-Cheng
- Venue
- Environmental Geochemistry and Health
- Published
- 2017-06-05
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1127-1144
- ISSN
- 0269-4042 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2983
- OpenAlex
- W2622359131
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 0.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Geochemistry and Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental and Air Quality Management
- Keywords
- total suspended particulates, PM2.5, China, India, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Malaysia, air quality comparison
- MeSH terms
- Asia, Vehicle Emissions, Particulate Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
