Introduction: Current Directions in Community Archaeology of the African Diaspora

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Public archaeology as practiced today largely emerged in the 1980s and extends beyond early conceptions to multiple publics, communities, stakeholders, and collaborative practices.

“Public archaeology as it is practiced today largely emerged in the 1980s and extends far beyond those early conceptions, with a multitude of publics, communities, stakeholders, and collaborative practices (Ayan-Vila and Gonzalez-Ruibal 2014; Moshenska 2009; Schadla-Hall 1999).”

• cites Ayan-Vila and Gonzalez-Ruibal 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Moshenska 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schadla-Hall 1999 sourcePartly supported

  Schadla-Hall describes a broader conception of public archaeology involving different publics, indigenous peoples, stakeholders, and community participation (pp. 4, 7, 9). He does not say that public archaeology as practiced today largely emerged in the 1980s; he dates the term’s widespread attention to 1972 and gives an example of public involvement from the late 1970s and early 1980s (p. 1). (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Through archaeological tours, Westmont shows how the history of convict leasing at the Lone Rock Stockade set the stage for modern racialized incarceration enabled by the 13th Amendment.

“Through archaeological tours, Westmont demonstrates how the history of convict leasing at the Lone Rock Stockade set the stage for modern racialized incarceration as enabled by the 13th Amendment.”

• cites Westmont 2021 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The papers in this collection show that there is no single model for community archaeology that fits all cases, especially when the focus is on marginalized populations.

“The papers in this collection demonstrate that there’s no “one size fits all” model for community archaeology, especially when focused on marginalized populations (Thomas 2019).”

• cites Thomas 2019Partly supported

  Section 2, “Community Archaeology: context matters” (page unavailable), says community archaeology can be practiced in many ways and that none is necessarily more correct than another. The Introduction notes that communities are not homogeneous, and section 7 describes adapting a project after objections from Sámi participants. The paper supports the no-single-model point, but our copy does not establish that the papers in the collection collectively demonstrate it, particularly for marginalized populations. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The papers by Jenkins and Westmont show the possibilities that civically and socially engaged community archaeology projects can create.

“While each paper approaches this concept from different angles, Jenkins (2021) and Westmont (2021) illustrate the possibilities engendered by civically and socially engaged community archaeology projects.”

• cites Jenkins 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Westmont 2021 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Two papers in the issue, both from the US, integrate civic engagement into their community archaeology practice with the aim of serving contemporary Black communities.

“Two papers, both from the US, incorporate civic engagement into their community archaeology practice in ways that aim to serve modern Black communities.”

• cites Jenkins 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Westmont 2021 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Westmont aims to nullify the site as a space for modern white supremacists and to build empathy for the historical and modern incarcerated Black population by establishing the convict leasing system as dark heritage.

“By firmly establishing the convict leasing system as dark heritage, Westmont aims to nullify the site as a space for modern white supremacists and build empathy for the historical and modern incarcerated Black population.”

• cites Westmont 2021 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Westmont's work at the Lone Rock Stockade has shown that archaeologists can draw on their own identity politics to fight ideological battles against groups that seek to marginalize African Americans, thereby sparing African American descendant groups additional trauma while forcing white people to do their own work to correct racist ideas.

“Westmont’s work at the Lone Rock Stockade has shown that archaeologists can draw on their own identity politics to fight ideological battles against groups that seek to marginalize African Americans, thereby sparing African American descendant groups additional trauma while forcing white people to do their own work to correct racist ideas.”

• cites Westmont 2021 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Sustainable projects help participants develop skills, promote more in-depth engagement with materials, create lasting personal impacts among participants, and increase the success and overall value of the project.

“Sustainable projects help participants develop skills, promote more in-depth engagement with the materials, create lasting personal impacts among participants, and increase the success and overall value of the project (Moshenska et al. 2011:97–98).”

• cites Moshenska et al. 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The 'Problem of sustainability' section says sustainability lets practitioners develop skills, enables more in-depth evaluation of material, creates a lasting impact on the community, and arguably demonstrates a project's success and value. The citing sentence changes these to participants' skills and personal impacts, engagement rather than evaluation, and an increase in success and value rather than a demonstration of them. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The papers break down into two geographical groups: those centered on US contexts and those located in the Caribbean and South America.

“The papers naturally break down into two groups based on geography: those centered on US contexts and those located in the Caribbean and South America.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The papers in the collection respond to recent social upheaval to varying degrees.

“The papers in this collection respond to these events to varying degrees; however, their focus on Afrodiasporic communities—either historical or contemporary—is itself a political act.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The special issue's papers originated from a 2020 Society for Historical Archaeology conference session in Boston, with additional authors invited to increase geographical and methodological diversity.

“This collection of papers grew out of a session at the 2020 Society for Historical Archaeology conference in Boston, Massachusetts, with additional authors invited to add further geographical and methodological diversity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A distinct group of papers focused on community archaeology of Black and African American groups emerged from the 2020 SHA session.

“a distinct cohort of papers focused on the community archaeology of Black and African American groups emerged, suggesting the immediacy and timeliness of this form of inquiry”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

White describes a wide variety of tools for community engagement that she implemented in participatory research with Maroons in Suriname.

“White describes the wide variety of tools for community engagement that she has implemented in her participatory research with Maroons in Suriname and outlines how these could offer an alternative to untenable public archaeology models.”

• cites White 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

White examines the challenges of conducting community archaeology projects in developing countries.

“Looking to South America, White (2021) examines the challenges of conducting community archaeology projects in developing countries.”

• cites White 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The papers largely follow three tracks: examining practical aspects of incorporating disparate African Diaspora voices into historical narratives, using archaeology for civic and social engagement, and challenging current social structures.

“However, the papers also largely follow three tracks: those that examine the practical aspects of incorporating the disparate voices of the African Diaspora into broader historical narratives through collaborative public archaeology, those that use archaeology as a tool for civic and social engagement around pressing modern problems, and those that challenge current social structures, whether in”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Burnett's focus on incorporating stakeholder and descendant voices into the archaeological process is shared by Reid and White.

“Burnett’s focus on incorporating stakeholder and descendent voices into the archaeological process is shared by Reid (2021) and White (2021).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Community archaeology is often recognized as a subset of public archaeology that incorporates multivocality and collaborative practices to some degree.

“Community archaeology is often recognized as a subset of public archaeology, one that incorporates multivocality and collaborative practices to some degree (McDavid and Brock 2015).”

• cites McDavid and Brock 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Definitions of community archaeology and of what constitutes a community are continuously debated in the literature.

“Definitions of community archaeology are continuously debated in the literature (Corbishley 2011; Marshall 2002; Moshenska and Dhanjal 2012; Thomas 2010, 2017; Waterton and Smith 2010), as are questions as to what constitutes a community (Agbe-Davies 2010; Simpson 2010; Smith and Waterton 2009).”

• cites Corbishley 2011Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Marshall 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Moshenska and Dhanjal 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The National Summit rubric offers a way for projects and institutions to self-evaluate and make community engagement initiatives legible across multiple sites and projects.

“This offers a way for projects and institutions both to self-evaluate and to make community engagement initiatives legible across multiple sites and projects.”

May combine two claims.

Although plantation archaeologists early shifted focus from elite whites to enslaved Africans, calls to bring community stakeholders into research projects became commonplace only with the growth of critical archaeology and the passage of NAGPRA in the 1990s.

“While archaeologists studying plantations made an early shift in focus away from elite whites and toward enslaved African populations, it was not until the growth of critical archaeology and the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)—both in the 1990s—that calls to bring community stakeholders into research projects became commonplace.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All archaeology is political, and community archaeology is especially political because it resurfaces potentially dark histories.

“All archaeology is political, and community archaeology, with its resurfacing of potentially dark histories, is especially so (Ayan-Vila and Gonzalez-Ruibal 2014).”

• cites Ayan-Vila and Gonzalez-Ruibal 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Quantifying success or failure of community engagement is difficult because engagement can take many forms.

“Because “engagement” can take many forms, quantifying success or failure is difficult.”

May combine two claims.

Although archaeologists remain predominantly white, recent developments such as the founding of the Society for Black Archaeologists, more projects on African descent sites, Black community partnerships, and recruitment efforts demonstrate a commitment to a more diverse field.

“Although archaeologists continue to be predominantly white (Agbe-Davies 2007; Odewale et al. 2018), recent developments such as the founding of the Society for Black Archaeologists (SBA) in 2011 (Flewellen and Dunnavant 2012), an increasing number of archaeological projects focused on sites related to peoples of African descent (Agbe-Davies 2002), dedication to Black community partnerships (”

• cites Agbe-Davies 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Odewale et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Flewellen and Dunnavant 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Community collaborations can be profoundly transformative for archaeology and archaeologists.

“However, community collaborations can be profoundly transformative for archaeology and archaeologists.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The National Summit for Teaching Slavery rubric can apply to many community archaeology projects, even though it was initially developed for assessing museums and historic sites.

“While this work was initially developed as a means for assessing museums’ and historic sites’ inclusion of descendant communities in the ways they present and discuss enslavement, we believe the rubric can apply to many community archaeology projects, too.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The National Summit for Teaching Slavery rubric's criteria are applicable to community archaeology projects.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Incorporating non-archaeologists who identify with a project into archaeological analysis and interpretation inherently introduces a multivocal perspective.

“The incorporation of non-archaeologists who, in theory, identify with a given project in the process of archaeological analysis and interpretation inherently introduces a multivocal perspective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Community archaeology offers a path forward for civically engaged, community-based work focused on the African Diaspora because it can provide new perspectives for confronting social problems.

“With its demonstrated ability to provide new perspectives for confronting social problems, community archaeology offers a path forward for civically engaged, community-based work focused on the African Diaspora.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Foundational scholarship situates community archaeology's emergence within a reflexive and politically aware turn that emphasizes collaboration with community members or stakeholders in investigations of the past.

“Foundational scholarship on community archaeology situates its emergence within a reflexive and politically aware turn that, along with Indigenous and postcolonial archaeologies, emphasizes the importance of collaboration with community members or “stakeholders” in investigations of the past (Moser et al. 2002; Tully 2007).”

• cites Moser et al. 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Tully 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ethics have become a primary concern in public archaeology, both in how interaction occurs and how projects are formulated.

“Ethics, in particular, have become a primary concern in both the manner of interaction and the formulation of the project (McDavid and Brock 2015).”

• cites McDavid and Brock 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

African Diaspora archaeology is rooted in the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s and represents active engagement with the racial politics of archaeology as a whole, not just greater visibility of African American history.

“Rooted in the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, the archaeology of the African Diaspora represents not just greater visibility of African American history but an active engagement with the racial politics of archaeology as a whole (Blakey 2020; Lee and Scott 2019).”

• cites Blakey 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lee and Scott 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The development of African Diaspora archaeology has been characterized by expansion in the types of sites studied, their geographical locations, and who conducts and is included in research.

“In general, the development of African Diaspora archaeology has been characterized by expansion in terms of the types of sites being studied, their geographical location, and who does and is included in research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The archaeology of the African Diaspora continues to develop both methodologically and theoretically.

“The archaeology of the African Diaspora continues to develop both methodologically and theoretically.”

May combine two claims.

The discovery of the African Burial Ground in New York City illustrated to archaeologists the necessity of incorporating public and descendant groups in their projects and the dangers of failing to do so.

“The push for reflection about the nature and relevance of archaeology generally and the specific call for greater involvement by descendant communities coincided with the discovery of the African Burial Ground in NYC, which illustrated to archaeologists the necessity of incorporating public and descendant groups in their projects—and the dangers of failing to do so.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Representation requires an identity to represent, and identity requires a narrative in which people locate themselves and are located.

“Representation requires an identity to represent, and identity needs a narrative in which we “locate ourselves and are located in” (Anico and Peralta 2009:1).”

• cites Anico and Peralta 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Public archaeology emerged in the 1970s as an implicit acknowledgment of increasing professionalization and declining public participation in regular archaeology.

“Merriman (2004) observes that the emergence of a “public” archaeology in the 1970s was an implicit acknowledgment of the increasing professionalization of the field and the concomitant decline of public participation in “regular” archaeology.”

• cites Merriman 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The focus of the papers on Afrodiasporic communities, whether historical or contemporary, is itself a political act.

“The papers in this collection respond to these events to varying degrees; however, their focus on Afrodiasporic communities—either historical or contemporary—is itself a political act.”

May combine two claims.

Scholars have applied new and prevailing trends in cutting-edge archaeology to African Diaspora sites, including digital reconstructions, ancient DNA analyses, and material culture studies, many enabled by the Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery.

“Methodologically, scholars have applied new and prevailing trends in cutting-edge archaeology to African Diaspora sites, including digital reconstructions (Gonzalez-Tennant and Gonzalez-Tennant 2016), ancient DNA analyses (Schablitsky et al. 2019), and close considerations of material culture (Agbe-Davies 2017; Franklin 2020; Sattes et al. 2020), many of these being comparative studies enabled by”

• cites Gonzalez-Tennant and Gonzalez-Tennant 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schablitsky et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Agbe-Davies 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In contexts where heritage claims can affect communities' land rights, human rights, or sustainable development, working with descendant communities must take on a new degree of thought and intentionality.

“In contexts where heritage claims can affect communities’ land rights, human rights, and/or sustainable development, working with descendant communities must take on a new degree of thought and intentionality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hartemann discusses results from memory conversations and memory walks with elders from both communities, discussions heavily focused on how archaeological materials resonate for addressing collective wounds imposed and continually reimposed by colonialism.

“Hartemann discusses the results of memory conversations and memory walks with elders from both separate yet interrelated communities, discussions which are heavily focused on the resonance of archaeological materials for addressing the collective wounds imposed and continually reimposed by colonialism.”

• cites Hartemann 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This training builds capacity locally in heritage management and increases representation in the broader field of archaeology.

“thereby building capacity both locally in heritage management and increasing representation in the broader field of archaeology.”

• cites Flewellen et al. 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reid identifies a long history of privileging whiteness in historical interpretations at Jamestown, rendering it a white public heritage space that normalizes whiteness while controlling access to resources.

“Reid (2021) identifies a long history of privileging whiteness in the historical interpretations at Jamestown, effectively rendering it a “white public heritage space” that normalizes whiteness while controlling access to resources.”

• cites Reid 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This is the first excavation in this French overseas department to explicitly focus on the archaeology of enslaved Africans, in a region where community archaeology is uncommon.

“This is the first excavation in this French overseas department to explicitly focus on the archaeology of enslaved Africans in a region where community archaeology is uncommon.”

• cites Clay 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

When the archaeologist is not a member of or permanent resident in a community, their role as an outside scholar is continually reinforced, further impeding collaboration and sustainability.

“When the archaeologist is also not a member of or permanent resident in a community, their role as an outside scholar is continually reinforced, further impeding collaboration and sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Stakeholders in community archaeology can range from dispersed descendant groups to entire geographical communities and can include non-profit organizations and local governments.

“As the papers in this volume show, stakeholders can range from dispersed descendant groups to entire geographical communities and can include non-profit organizations and local governments.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Angela Site provides an opportunity to reconstruct erased histories and critically challenge the power relations embedded in who creates history.

“The Angela Site, which was first excavated by a group of African American Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) workers in the 1930s and is today recentering historical interpretations around the experiences of one of the first African women to arrive in the colony in 1619, provides an opportunity to reconstruct erased histories and critically challenge the power relations embedded in who creates”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Flewellen and colleagues introduce the collaborative efforts of the Estate Little Princess Archaeological Project on St. Croix.

“Flewellen, Odewale, Dunnavant, Jones, and White (2021) introduce the collaborative efforts of the Estate Little Princess Archaeological Project (ELPAP) on St. Croix.”

• cites Flewellen et al. 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These differences can make balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders complicated and at times fraught.

“These differences can make balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders both complicated and, at times, fraught.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A second continuous problem for both the projects in this volume and for community archaeology more generally is sustainability.

“A second continuous problem for both the projects in this volume as well as community archaeology more generally is the issue of sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Multivocal archaeology can promote tolerance and appreciation of diversity in society, both past and present.

“Rooted in archaeological ethics, multivocal archaeology can promote tolerance and an appreciation of diversity in society, both past and present (Little 2012).”

• cites Little 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This makes community archaeology projects more difficult both to implement and to sustain.

“This makes community archaeology projects not only more difficult to implement, but more difficult to sustain.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

When archaeology is used to make a difference in communities' lives, meaningful historical awareness together with varying degrees of empowerment can develop.

“Little (2007:2) observes that “meaningful historical awareness coupled with varying degrees of empowerment can develop” when archaeology is used to make a difference in the lives of communities.”

• cites Little 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Developing countries often lack the archaeological infrastructure needed to follow US or UK public archaeology models and therefore need different approaches to include descendant communities in archaeological research.

“Drawing on her own experiences working with Maroon communities in Suriname, White outlines how developing countries often lack the archaeological infrastructure needed to follow US or UK public archaeology models and therefore need to follow different approaches in order to ensure that descendant communities are included in archaeological research.”

• cites White 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Community work is highly contextual: projects that respond to local politics and community concerns are likely to be more meaningful and impactful.

“Instead, doing community work is highly contextual: projects that are responsive to local politics and community concerns are likely to be more meaningful and impactful.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The community engagement tools White implemented with Maroons in Suriname could offer an alternative to untenable public archaeology models.

“White describes the wide variety of tools for community engagement that she has implemented in her participatory research with Maroons in Suriname and outlines how these could offer an alternative to untenable public archaeology models.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This back-to-front approach hobbles project sustainability by creating projects that the community can participate in rather than projects the community can eventually lead itself.

“This approach hobbles the potential for project sustainability by creating projects that the community can participate in rather than projects the community can (eventually) lead itself.”

• cites Beresford 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The papers in this collection illustrate two challenges inherent to any community archaeology project, especially those related to the African Diaspora: negotiating multiple stakeholders and sustainability.

“The papers in this collection illustrate two of the challenges inherent to any community archaeology project, but perhaps especially to projects related to the African Diaspora, including: negotiating multiple stakeholders and sustainability.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

As archaeologists expose the public to an increasingly limited set of activities, they risk inadvertently defining public archaeology as digging holes with volunteers.

“As archaeologists expose members of the public to an increasingly limited set of activities, they run the risk of inadvertently defining public archaeology as digging holes with volunteers (Simpson and Williams 2008).”

• cites Simpson and Williams 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

There are numerous projects that allow the public to dig, field walk, or undertake landscape surveys, but very few that teach how to compile funding bids, digitize drawings, write up a test pit, or compile a project report.

“Although “there are numerous projects that allow the public to dig, or field walk, or undertake landscape surveys, [there are] very few that teach how to compile funding bids to fund that work, or how to digitize drawings, or write-up a test pit, or compile a project report.””

• cites Beresford 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In French Guiana, Clay and Hartemann work to change how the public interacts with archaeology within a framework where the field is overseen by the state and African Diaspora archaeology has thus far been nonexistent.

“In French Guiana, Clay and Hartemann work to change how the public interacts with archaeology within a framework where this field is overseen by the state and African Diaspora archaeology has thus far been nonexistent.”

• cites Clay 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hartemann 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The authors interpret community archaeology as both an archaeology that benefits local communities by focusing on understudied aspects of island history and as a way to frame themselves as a community of scholars.

“The authors interpret community archaeology not only in terms of an archaeology that benefits local communities by focusing on understudied aspects of island history but also by framing themselves as a community of scholars.”

• cites Flewellen et al. 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hartemann describes more localized community engagement efforts with residents of Wayam, an Indigenous settlement adjacent to Habitation La Caroline, and with Afro-Guianese residents of Roura, the nearest incorporated town.

“While Clay focuses on the broad Guianese community of African descent, Hartemann (2021) describes more localized efforts at community engagement with residents of Wayam, an Indigenous settlement adjacent to Habitation La Caroline, and the Afro-Guianese residents of Roura, the nearest incorporated town.”

• cites Hartemann 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ELPAP approaches community archaeology from a multi-scalar perspective, aiming both to prioritize community interests and to confront systemic problems in the field by increasing representation.

“The Estate Little Princess Archaeological Project approaches community archaeology from a multi-scalar perspective aiming not only to prioritize community interests but to confront systemic problems in the field by increasing representation.”

• cites Flewellen et al. 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Archaeology, including public archaeology, is political and can have real-world consequences for stakeholder communities, particularly descendant communities within the African Diaspora.

“We are once again reminded that archaeology—including public archaeology—is political and can have real-world consequences for stakeholder communities, particularly descendent communities within the African Diaspora.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Collaborative and multivocal public projects do not necessarily dismantle power structures entirely.

“Although some have noted that collaborative and multivocal public projects do not necessarily dismantle power structures entirely (McDavid and Brock 2015), these papers demonstrate the power that community partnership can have in achieving community goals.”

• cites McDavid and Brock 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hartemann frames these efforts within Griotic archaeology, a decolonial praxis centered on grappling with epistemic violence within archaeology.

“They couch these efforts within the framework of Griotic archaeology, a decolonial praxis centered on grappling with epistemic violence within archaeology.”

• cites Hartemann 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Beresford observes that archaeologists often institute a back-to-front approach to community work.

“Beresford (2019:42) observes that archaeologists often institute a “back-to-front approach” to community work.”

• cites Beresford 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Because each collaboration has unique circumstances, standardization within community archaeology is nearly impossible and likely irrelevant.

“The unique circumstances of each collaboration make standardization within community archaeology nearly impossible and, more pressingly, likely irrelevant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The Angela Site project's incorporation of descendant voices acts as a powerful medium for complicating current understandings of American history.

“This project’s incorporation of descendant voices acts as a powerful medium for complicating our current understandings of American history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Clay presents the structured site visit as a methodology for introducing Afro-Guianese people, understood as a broadly defined descendant community, to archaeology.

“She presents the structured site visit as a methodology for introducing Afro-Guianese people—as a descendant community broadly defined—to archaeology.”

• cites Clay 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Clay contextualizes the broader project within plantation tourism and archaeology in the U.S. and Caribbean to consider how archaeology and heritage have typically been managed in this region.

“Clay (2021) contextualizes the broader project within plantation tourism and archaeology in the U.S. and Caribbean to consider how archaeology and heritage have typically been managed in this region.”

• cites Clay 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both the ELPAP and Archéo La Caroline projects are focused on changing systems.

“Both of the above projects are focused on changing systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In areas with few homegrown archaeologists, the structural divide between trained archaeologists and community members becomes starker.

“In areas with few homegrown archaeologists, the structural divide between trained archaeologists and community members becomes starker.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The papers in this issue demonstrate that community partnership can have power in achieving community goals.

“Although some have noted that collaborative and multivocal public projects do not necessarily dismantle power structures entirely (McDavid and Brock 2015), these papers demonstrate the power that community partnership can have in achieving community goals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Projects that lack local frameworks and leadership will not be sustainable.

“Projects lacking local frameworks and leadership will not be sustainable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Archaeologists' role as authorities over archaeological methods and sites can be marshaled in various ways that ultimately benefit communities, including by creating safe spaces within otherwise antagonistic environments and by amplifying marginalized communities' interpretations over those offered by socially dominant factions.

“Archaeologists’ role as authorities over archaeological methods and sites can be marshaled in a variety of different ways that ultimately benefit communities, including by creating safe spaces within otherwise antagonistic environments and by amplifying marginalized communities’ interpretations over those proffered by socially dominant factions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Multiple scholars have called for the field to reckon with its past and transform itself from the ground up.

“While multiple scholars have called for the field to reckon with its past and “transform” itself from the ground up (Atalay et al. 2014; Martindale and Lyons 2014)”

• cites Atalay et al. 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Martindale and Lyons 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dawdy suggests that the primary aim is to bolster public support of archaeology so that laws stay on the books and money keeps flowing, and that archaeology has been very useful lately but primarily to itself.

“Dawdy (2009:137-138) goes on to suggest that “the [primary] aim is to bolster the public support of archaeology so that the laws stay on the books and the money keeps flowing…. Archaeology has been very useful lately, but primarily to itself.””

• cites Dawdy 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Structural challenges also present hurdles to project longevity.

“however, structural challenges also present hurdles to project longevity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The articles in this issue begin to take us in this direction through their varied approaches to the general topic of African Diaspora community archaeology.

“While the articles in this issue begin to take us in this direction through their varied approaches to the general topic of African Diaspora community archaeology”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dawdy observes that the language of archaeological collaboration mirrors marketing, raising the possibility that collaboration and power sharing are oriented toward smoothing the way so archaeologists can placate a potentially troublesome public and still go about their business.

“Dawdy (2009:137) observes that the language of archaeological collaboration mirrors that of marketing, raising the possibility that collaboration and power sharing are actually “oriented towards smoothing the way so archaeologists can placate a potentially troublesome public and still go about their business.””

• cites Dawdy 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Failure to plan long-term can harm communities when the project ends and funding runs out, leaving community members with nothing to show for the effort.

“The question of sustainability in community archaeology is not trivial: failure to plan long-term can harm communities when the project is over and the funding has run out, leaving community members with nothing to show for the effort.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In this sense, archaeologists can help minority communities carry the load of societal racism, at least with regard to archaeological and heritage sites.

“In this sense, archaeologists can help minority communities “carry the load” of societal racism, at least with regard to archaeological and heritage sites.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Until these and related considerations can be fully addressed, community archaeology, as well as archaeology as a whole, will continue to suffer from degrees of inequality and exploitation between archaeologists and communities.

“until these and related considerations can be fully addressed, community archaeology, as well as archaeology as a whole, will continue to suffer from degrees of inequality and exploitation between archaeologists and communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

While scholars continue to push for increased community control, the potential for archaeologists' power to be used in productive ways to mediate claims to the past has been sidelined.

“While scholars continue to push for increased community control, the potential for archaeologists’ power to be used in productive ways to mediate claims to the past has been sidelined.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The power inequalities inherent within archaeology as practiced in the Western world will never be solved solely by collaboration.

“While CBRP is an important step in working toward equality with stakeholder and descendant communities, the power inequalities inherent within archaeology as practiced in the Western world will never be solved solely by collaboration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Without funding, or the know-how to obtain it, projects risk defaulting.

“Without funding (or the know-how to obtain funding), projects risk defaulting.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Community archaeology projects need funding, and such funding is becoming harder to obtain as overall funding sources shrink and support for the humanities and social sciences becomes particularly scarce.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In theory, power sharing has become a central tenet of decolonized community archaeology.

“Although power sharing, in theory, has become a central tenet of decolonized community archaeology (Atalay 2012)”

• cites Atalay 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The archaeologist associated with the project is usually still required to fulfill standard archaeological paperwork, rendering community control a veneer over a stubbornly inflexible system that continues to privilege the archaeologist as the one with real power.

“At the end of the day, the archaeologist associated with the project is usually still required to fulfill the standard archaeological paperwork, rendering community control a veneer over a stubbornly inflexible system that continues to privilege the archaeologist as the one with real power.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many scholars, particularly those working with Indigenous communities, have observed that imposing Western research models onto archaeological projects perpetuates colonial attitudes and settler-based power structures and inequalities.

“Many scholars, particularly those working with Indigenous communities, have already observed that imposing Western research models onto archaeological projects perpetuates colonial attitudes and settler-based power structures and inequalities (La Salle 2010; Supernant and Warrick 2014; White Deer 1998).”

• cites La Salle 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Supernant and Warrick 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites White Deer 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This can be particularly important when working with Afrodiasporic communities within white supremacist contexts, as our own projects demonstrate.

“This can be particularly important when working with Afrodiasporic communities within white supremacist contexts, as our own projects demonstrate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Community archaeology always has required and likely always will require a delicate balance between community needs, archaeologist involvement, and project goals.

“Community archaeology always has and likely always will require a delicate balance between community needs, archaeologist involvement, and project goals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Projects that foster sustainability transform enthusiasm into genuine understanding and care for history.

“On the other hand, projects that foster sustainability transform enthusiasm into genuine understanding and care for history (Belford 2014:27).”

• cites Belford 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These barriers range from differential access to funding and governmental permits required for archaeological work to inherent colonial biases embedded in the foundations of archaeological epistemologies.

“These barriers range from differential access to funding and governmental permits required to carry out archaeological work to the inherent colonial biases embedded in the very foundations of archaeological epistemologies.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These opportunities not only expose Afrodiasporic groups to the field of archaeology but also highlight the experiences of enslaved people to counter the colonial narratives of other regional projects.

“These not only expose Afrodiasporic groups to the field of archaeology but highlight the experiences of enslaved people to counter the colonial narratives of other regional projects.”