Hot and cool aspects of cognitive control in children with ADHD: Decision-making and inhibition
Abstract
This study investigated hot and cool aspects of cognitive control in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The study aimed to: (1) replicate the postulated response inhibition deficit of children with ADHD; (2) explore whether children with ADHD choose disadvantageously in a decision-making task and to explore the mechanisms underlying the expected response pattern; and (3) study whether performance on a combination of hot and cool executive control measures has predictive value for an ADHD diagnosis. The sample consisted of 20 children with ADHD and 22 normal developing children (NC, 8 to 12 years) matched on age, FSIQ, and gender. Two paradigms have been applied: (1) the stop signal paradigm, and (2) the adapted children's version of the IOWA Gambling task. There were no group differences for both paradigms. Both groups chose in a reward-oriented manner and seemed to develop the ability to take future consequences into account in making decisions. Moreover, feedback resulted in direct behavioral changes. Children with ADHD did not have a specific response inhibition deficit or a decision-making deficit.
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Geurts et al. found no differences between children with ADHD and NCs in net score on a children's variant of the IGT (Cohen's d = 0.04).
“The study revealed no differences between children with ADHD and NCs in net score (Cohen’s d = 0.04).”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [48]
Two studies found no differences in the number of switches after negative or positive feedback in the MMG between children with ADHD and NCs.
“Lastly, two other studies found no differences in the number of switches after negative or positive feedback in the MMG between children with ADHD and NCs [40], [48].”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [48]
Twelve studies used fictive rewards or did not explicitly mention that they used real rewards.
“The other twelve studies used fictive rewards (such as points or fictive money), or did not explicitly mentioned that they used real rewards [48], [51], [54], [57], [58], [60], [62]–[64], [66], [67]”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [48]
The reviewed studies with mixed ADHD subtype samples included studies examining participants of all three ADHD subtypes (4/15 = 27% of studies with null findings).
“mixed samples included studies examining participants of all three ADHD subtypes [41], [48], [50], [60] (4/15 = 27% of studies with null findings)”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [48]
Null findings were reported in 10/15 (67%) of studies with null findings in which MPH treatment was discontinued.
“null findings were reported in a comparable proportion of studies (discontinuation of MPH treatment: 10/15 = 67% of studies with null findings [41], [48], [50]–[52], [57], [59], [61], [65], [67] (reference 67 refers to study 2”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [48]
Other studies failed to find any deviations in feedback use in individuals with ADHD.
“Other studies failed to find any deviations in feedback use in individuals with ADHD [40], [48], [67].”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [48]
Such associations have also been found for ODD/CD symptoms in these children.
“However, such associations have also been found for ODD/CD symptoms in these children [48], [49]”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [48]
The literature on the association between ADHD and sensitivity to punishment is inconsistent, with reports of both diminished reactivity and comparable sensitivity to controls.
“The literature consists of inconsistent evidence on the association of ADHD and sensitivity to punishment, including reports of diminished reactivity (Masunami et al. 2009) and comparable sensitivity to controls (Geurts et al. 2006).”
From Risk taking and sensitivity to punishment in children with ADHD, ODD, ADHD+ODD, and controls (2011) · cites this paper as Geurts et al. 2006
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References 84 · Cited by 111
- Authors
- Geurts, H. M., van der Oord, S., & Crone, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Geurts, Hilde M.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2006-10-25
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 811-822
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W1982922797
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cognitive control, response inhibition, decision-making, stop-signal task, Iowa Gambling Task, children, feedback learning, executive function
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition Disorders, Decision Making, Female, Gambling, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reward, Prefrontal Cortex
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