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Reciprocal influences between girls' conduct problems and depression, and parental punishment and warmth: a six year prospective analysis
Open accessAbstract
Although the reciprocal effects of parenting and child behavior have long been recognized, the emphasis of empirical study in the field of developmental psychopathology has been on parenting effects on children. For girls in particular, little is known about unique parenting effects on conduct problems in comparison to depression, or vice versa. In the current study, data from the large-scale (n = 2,451) Pittsburgh Girls Study were used to examine the reciprocal relations between parenting and child behavior over a six year period (child ages 7-12 years). Girls and their caregivers (85% of whom were biological mothers) were interviewed annually in their homes. Girls reported on symptoms of conduct disorder and depression, and caregivers reported on level of parent-child warmth and use of harsh punishment. The results of generalized estimating equation regression models demonstrated that both parenting behaviors were uniquely predictive of changes in girls' conduct problems and depressed mood. When the effects of race and poverty on these associations were controlled for, both parenting effects on girls' conduct problems remained significant, but only low parental warmth remained as a significant predictor of depressed mood. Girls' conduct problems, but not depressed mood, predicted changes in harsh punishment over time. The small effect of girls' depressed mood, on changes in parental warmth, was further weakened when socio-demographic factors were also included in the model.
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“Parents who exhibit harsh parenting techniques or display low levels of warmth towards their children have been found to increase the risk of developing depressed mood and conduct problems for their offspring (Hipwell et al. 2008;Young et al. 1995).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Hipwell et al. 2008
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hipwell, A., Keenan, K., Kasza, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Bean, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hipwell, Alison
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2008-01-03
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 663-677
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC2572202
- OpenAlex
- W2076510518
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 17.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH071790)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- reciprocal effects, parenting, conduct problems, depression, parental punishment, parental warmth, girls, conduct disorder, depressive mood, Pittsburgh Girls Study, child behavior, race, poverty
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Child, Child Abuse, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Parent-Child Relations, Pennsylvania, Prospective Studies, Punishment, Statistics as Topic, Urban Population, Parenting, Conduct Disorder, Black People, White People
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