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The Autism Impact Measure (AIM): Initial Development of a New Tool for Treatment Outcome Measurement
Abstract
The current study describes the development and psychometric properties of a new measure targeting sensitivity to change of core autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms, the Autism Impact Measure (AIM). The AIM uses a 2-week recall period with items rated on two corresponding 5-point scales (frequency and impact). Psychometric properties were examined using a large sample (n = 440) of children with ASD enrolled in the Autism Treatment Network. The exploratory factor analysis indicated four factors and resulted in a 25-item questionnaire with excellent overall model fit. Test-retest reliability, cross-informant reliability, and convergent validity with other measures of ASD symptoms and overall functioning were strong. The AIM is a reliable and valid measure of frequency and impact of core ASD symptoms.
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“The original version offers acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha = .66 - .79) and stability of the measure (test-retest = .53-.85).”
From Mindfulness Parenting and Childish Play: A Clinical Trial With Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as Kanne et al., 2014
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Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, S. O. D. A. B. P., Kuo, D. Z., Apkon, S., Davidson, L. F., Ellerbeck, K. A., Foster, J. E. A., Noritz, G. H., et al. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3447 · Cited by 1,798
Systematic review of tools to measure outcomes for young children with autism spectrum disorder
McConachie, H., Parr, J. R., Glod, M., Hanratty, J., Livingstone, N., Oono, I. P., Robalino, S., Baird, G., Beresford, B., Charman, T., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19410 · Cited by 403
Frye, R. E., Slattery, J. M., Delhey, L. M., Furgerson, B. N., Strickland, T., Tippett, M., Sailey, A., Wynne, R. A., Rose, S., Melnyk, S., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.168 · Cited by 229
McPartland, J. C., Bernier, R., Jeste, S., Dawson, G., Nelson, C. A., Chawarska, K., Earl, R. K., Faja, S., Johnson, S. P., Sikich, L., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.00016 · Cited by 147
“, 1985), the Autism Impact Measure (Kanne et al., 2014), the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory (Cohen and Sudhalter, 2005), and the Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd Edition (Constantino and Gruber, 2012).”
BackgroundCoping and care-related stress in parents of a child with autism spectrum disorder
Shepherd, D., Landon, J., Taylor, S., & Goedeke, S. (2018) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1442614 · Cited by 132
“The severity of the child’s ASD core symptoms was measured using the “impact” dimension of the Autism Impact Measure (AIM), developed by Kanne et al. (2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNarrowing the gap: Effects of intervention on developmental trajectories in autism
Klintwall, L., Eldevik, S., & Eikeseth, S. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313510067 · Cited by 97
Treatment patterns in children with autism in the United States
Monz, B. U., Houghton, R., Law, K., & Loss, G. J. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2070 · Cited by 94
“Online surveys for non-drug therapy and for the Autism Impact Measure (AIM; to assess frequency and impact of ASD symptoms [Kanne et al., 2014; Mazurek et al., 2018]) were sent to caregivers (i.”
MethodMeasuring repetitive behaviors as a treatment endpoint in youth with autism spectrum disorder
Scahill, L. D., Aman, M. G., Lecavalier, L., Halladay, A. K., Bishop, S. L., Bodfish, J. W., Grondhuis, S. N., Jones, N. E., Horrigan, J. P., Cook, E. H., et al. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313510069 · Cited by 94
“In a recent study (Kanne et al., 2013), the construct, convergent, and test–retest reliability was examined for the Autism Impact Measurement (AIM) in 440 participants (aged 2–16 years) in the Autism Treatment Network.”
MethodSelf-citationDrug development for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Progress, challenges, and future directions
McCracken, J. T., Anagnostou, E. A., Arango, C., Dawson, G., Farchione, T. R., Mantua, V., McPartland, J. C., Murphy, D., Pandina, G., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.05.010 · Cited by 89
“A number of new measures of ASD core domains have been developed that are psychometrically sound, including the Autism Impact Measure (AIM; Kanne et al., 2014; Mazurek et al., 2018; Houghton et al., 2019), the Autism Behavior Inventory (ABI; Bangerter et al., 2019), and the Brief Observation of Social Communication Ch…”
BackgroundSiafis, S., Çıray, R. O., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Bighelli, I., Krause, M., Rodolico, A., Ceraso, A., Deste, G., Huhn, M., Fraguas, D., et al. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00372-z · Cited by 76
“Recent instruments have also been developed, among others the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC) [86, 87], the Autism Behavior Inventory [88], and the Autism Impact Measure (AIM) [89], but their utilization is yet to be determined.”
BackgroundGehricke, J., Chan, J. G. M., Farmer, J. G., Fenning, R. M., Steinberg-Epstein, R., Misra, M., Parker, R. A., & Neumeyer, A. M. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101490 · Cited by 75
“Factor Physical Activity (4 levels) Overall Females Males Demographics Age (RCBA) 0.050 0.40 0.055 Sex 0.095 Race 0.21 0.50 0.056 Ethnicity 0.29 0.040 >0.99 Highest Education Level of known CGs: HS Split 0.11 0.79 0.093 Income 0.50 0.35 0.23 Insurance: Has Private Insurance 0.15 0.48 0.24 Insurance: Has Public Insuran…”
MethodInfluentialBangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Aman, M. G., Esbensen, A. J., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Khan, A., Opler, M. G. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2017.0018 · Cited by 72
“The Autism Impact Measure (Kanne et al. 2014) has been developed to measure short-term change in ASD core symptoms but, to the best of our knowledge, is yet to be validated in an intervention study.”
Soke, G. N., Rosenberg, S. A., Hamman, R. F., Fingerlin, T. E., Rosenberg, C. R., Carpenter, L. A., Lee, L. C., Giarelli, E., Wiggins, L. D., Durkin, M. S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2951-x · Cited by 79
“The details of the AS-ATN registry methodology have been previously published and data from this registry have been used by other researchers in the past (Coury et al. 2009; Kanne et al. 2014; Kuhlthau et al. 2010; Lajonchere et al. 2012; Perrin et al. 2012; Sikora et al. 2012).”
Goedeke, S., Shepherd, D., Landon, J., & Taylor, S. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.01.005 · Cited by 82
Shepherd, D., Goedeke, S., Landon, J., & Meads, J. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04359-5 · Cited by 86
“1 3 published in the United States (Kanne et al. 2014) indicating a need for parents to engage supports.”
BackgroundInfluentialJacobson, L. A., Rane, S., McReynolds, L. J., Steppan, D. A., Chen, A. R., & Paz‐Priel, I. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1080 · Cited by 65
Grzadzinski, R., Janvier, D., & Kim, S. H. (2020) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2020.100806 · Cited by 61
Miles, J. H., Takahashi, N., Muckerman, J. E., Nowell, K. P., & Ithman, M. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s210613 · Cited by 60
“The CIS adhered to the format of the fully validated Autism Impact Measure (AIM), developed by Kanne and Mazurek.(31,32) and queried symptoms enumerated in the BFCRS, DSM-5 and current medical literature.”
MethodJanvier, D., Choi, Y. B., Klein, C. B., Lord, C., & Kim, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04952-7 · Cited by 57
“, 2003), the Autism Impact Measure (AIM; Kanne et al., 2014), the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS; Sparrow et al.”
Shepherd, D., Csákó, R. I., Landon, J., Goedeke, S., & Ty, K. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3395-7 · Cited by 59
Novel treatments for autism spectrum disorder based on genomics and systems biology
Baribeau, D. A., & Anagnostou, E. A. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107939 · Cited by 51
Rooks-Ellis, D. L., Howorth, S. K., Kunze, M. G., Boulette, S., & Sulinski, E. (2020) · Journal of Childhood Education & Society · doi:10.37291/2717638x.20201242 · Cited by 46
McKinney, A., Weisblatt, E. J. L., Hotson, K. L., Ahmed, Z. B., Días, C., Shalom, D. B., Foster, J., Murphy, S., Villar, S. S., & Belmonte, M. K. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361321998916 · Cited by 42
“…acceptability of candidate measures to produce predictive information at baseline and to assess sensitivity to change over time, including the Autism Impact Measure (AIM; Kanne et al., 2014) – a new measure developed for autism treatment studies which has not been tested on this population before.”
BackgroundMethodNorris, M., Aman, M. G., Mazurek, M. O., Scherr, J., & Butter, E. M. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.02.001 · Cited by 42
Self-citationGerhardt, W. E., Mara, C. A., Kudel, I., Morgan, E. M., Schoettker, P. J., Napora, J., Britto, M. T., & Alessandrini, E. A. (2018) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/j.jcjq.2018.01.002 · Cited by 40
Stress and distress in New Zealand parents caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder
Shepherd, D., Landon, J., Goedeke, S., & Meads, J. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103875 · Cited by 38
Montiel‐Nava, C., Tregnago, M., Marshall, J., Sohl, K., Curran, A. B., Mahurin, M. A., Warne-Griggs, M. D., WHO CST Team, & Dixon, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.909947 · Cited by 38
“(b) The Autism Impact Measure (AIM) (63)–”
BackgroundInfluentialPredictors of Satisfaction with Life in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Landon, J., Shepherd, D., & Goedeke, S. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3423-7 · Cited by 36
“However, as noted, the AIM scale is a reliable and valid measure of the frequency and impact of core ASD symptoms (Kanne et al. 2014).”
BackgroundBangerter, A., Manyakov, N. V., Lewin, D., Boice, M., Skalkin, A., Jagannatha, S., Chatterjee, M., Dawson, G., Goodwin, M. S., Hendren, R. L., et al. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/11365 · Cited by 33
“The heterogeneity of the ASD population and difficulties with detection of short-term changes have led to recent attempts to develop more sensitive measures including biomarkers [5-7] and novel caregiver rating scales [8,9].”
Symptom dimensions of resting-state electroencephalographic functional connectivity in autism
Tong, X., Xie, H., Fonzo, G. A., Zhao, K., Satterthwaite, T. D., Carlisle, N. B., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00195-w · Cited by 32
“…data-driven symptom scores for ASD, we incorporated a total of 24 subscales from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) 8 , Autism Impact Measure (AIM) 7 , SRS 10 and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS) 23 to quantify the symptom profile of each individual (Supplementary Fig.”
InfluentialShepherd, D., Landon, J., & Goedeke, S. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316688869 · Cited by 41
“While our AIM means were higher than those presented by Kanne et al. (2014), they were also ranked differently.”
MethodResultConstruct Validity of the Autism Impact Measure (AIM)
Mazurek, M. O., Carlson, C. D., Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Butter, E. M., Norris, M., & Kanne, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3462-8 · Cited by 31
“The study extended the examination of psychometric properties of the AIM (Kanne et al. 2014) by providing a larger sample and using a more comprehensive measurement battery to test convergent validity.”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe Need for a Developmentally Based Measure of Social Communication Skills
Bishop, S. L., Farmer, C., Kaat, A. J., Georgiades, S., Kanne, S. M., & Thurm, A. E. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.12.010 · Cited by 32
Self-citationParellada, M., Cáceres, A. S. J., Palmer, M. L., Delorme, R., Jones, E. J. H., Parr, J. R., Anagnostou, E. A., Murphy, D., Loth, E., Wang, P. P., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.701729 · Cited by 28
Goin‐Kochel, R. P., Scaglia, F., Schaaf, C. P., Berry, L. N., Dang, D., Nowell, K. P., Laakman, A. L., Dowell, L. R., Minard, C. G., Loh, A., et al. (2019) · Global Pediatric Health · doi:10.1177/2333794x19830696 · Cited by 26
“Parent ratings of current ASD behaviors were assessed using the Social Communication Questionnaire–Current version (SCQ),(20) the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory (PDDBI),(21) and the Autism Impact Measure (AIM).(22) Problematic behaviors were assessed using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC).”
MethodThe Autism Impact Measure (AIM): Examination of Sensitivity to Change
Mazurek, M. O., Carlson, C. D., Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Butter, E. M., Norris, M., Barr, C. D., & Kanne, S. M. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2397 · Cited by 24
“The AIM has demonstrated strong reliability and validity in previous studies [Houghton et al., 2019; Kanne et al., 2014; Mazurek et al., 2020].”
MethodResultSelf-citationPsychometric Validation of the Autism Impact Measure (AIM)
Houghton, R., Monz, B. U., Law, K., Loss, G. J., Scouiller, S. L., de Vries, F., & Willgoss, T. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04011-2 · Cited by 23
“1 3 While the AIM has shown to have good test–retest reliability, cross-informant reliability and convergent validity with other scales (Kanne et al. 2014; Mazurek et al. 2018), other important validation questions remain untested.”
InfluentialFrazier, T. W., Dimitropoulos, A., Abbeduto, L., Armstrong‐Brine, M., Kralovic, S., Shih, A. J., Hardan, A. Y., Youngstrom, E. A., Uljarević, M., & Quadrant Biosciences ‐ As You Are Team (2023) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15497 · Cited by 22
The Autism Treatment Network: Bringing Best Practices to All Children With Autism
Coury, D. L., Murray, D. S., Fedele, A., Hess, T., Kelly, A. M., & Kuhlthau, K. A. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/2019-1895d · Cited by 22
Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Lewin, D., Aman, M. G., Esbensen, A. J., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Shic, F., et al. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03965-7 · Cited by 21
Greene, R. K., Parish‐Morris, J., Sullivan, M., Kinard, J. L., Mosner, M. G., Turner‐Brown, L., Penn, D. L., Wiesen, C., Pallathra, A. A., Brodkin, E. S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04594-1 · Cited by 21
Lindly, O. J., Chan, J. G. M., Fenning, R. M., Farmer, J. G., Neumeyer, A. M., Wang, P. P., Swanson, M. W., Parker, R. A., & Kuhlthau, K. A. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320942091 · Cited by 19
“Parent-reported ASD symptoms were indexed by the Autism Impact Measure (AIM) Total Frequency score (Kanne et al., 2014).”
MethodFenning, R. M., Steinberg-Epstein, R., Butter, E. M., Chan, J. G. M., McKinnon-Bermingham, K., Hammersmith, K. J., Moffitt, J., Shui, A. M., Parker, R. A., Coury, D. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04420-8 · Cited by 20
“Parent-reported ASD symptoms were indexed by the frequency score from the Autism Impact Measure (Kanne et al. 2014), which has been used as a measure of ASD symptoms in recent clinical trials (Frye et al.”
MethodHowell, M., Bradshaw, J., & Langdon, P. E. (2020) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00205-y · Cited by 21
“Many studies briefly described content validity when discussing the test development (e.g. Aman et al. 1996; Kanne et al. 2014) but only four studies discussed assessment development or content validity in sufficient detail to be rated here (Dumas et al. 2010; Kramer et al. 2012; Kramer and…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDurán-Pacheco, G., Silkey, M., Johnson, M., Liu, C., Clinch, S. P., Law, K., & Loss, G. J. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05457-7 · Cited by 16
“AIM is a caregiver-reported questionnaire designed to measure subtle changes in core ASD symptoms in individuals aged 3–18 years old (Kanne et al., 2014; Mazurek et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialMazurek, M. O., Baker-Ericzén, M. J., & Kanne, S. M. (2019) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-124.5.438 · Cited by 15
“Additional parent-report measures of expressive language included the Communication subscale of the Autism Impact Measure (AIM) (Kanne et al., 2014, Mazurek & Kanne, 2017) and parent-report of the child’s overall general spoken language ability as assessed by responses items on a parent-report history form developed f…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationLindly, O. J., Shui, A. M., Stotts, N. M., & Kuhlthau, K. A. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211052108 · Cited by 16
“Parent-rated autism symptoms were indexed by the Autism Impact Measure (AIM) Total Frequency score (Kanne et al., 2014).”
Faja, S., Sabatos‐DeVito, M., Sridhar, A., Kuhn, J., Nikolaeva, J. I., Sugar, C. A., Webb, S. J., Bernier, R., Sikich, L., Hellemann, G., et al. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2905 · Cited by 14
“Autism impact measure (AIM; Kanne et al., 2014) The AIM is designed to sensitively detect incremental changes in autism-related behaviors and assess behavioral changes in response to treatment.”
Farmer, C., Kaat, A. J., Berry‐Kravis, E., & Thurm, A. E. (2022) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2022.05.001 · Cited by 12
Shurtz, L., Schwartz, C., DiStefano, C., McPartland, J. C., Levin, A. R., Dawson, G., Kleinhans, N. M., Faja, S., Webb, S. J., Shic, F., et al. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221121425 · Cited by 13
“, 1985), the Autism Impact Measure (Kanne et al., 2014), the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory (Cohen & Sudhalter, 2005), and the Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd Edition (Constantino & Gruber, 2012).”
BackgroundBuchwald, K., Shepherd, D., Siegert, R. J., Vignes, M., & Landon, J. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319036 · Cited by 21
“The Impact dimension of the Autism Impact Measure (AIM) [49] was used to gauge parents’ perceptions of their child’s ASD symptom severity.”
Ridout, S., & Eldevik, S. (2023) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-023-00355-9 · Cited by 12
“As a newer measure, the Autism Impact Measure has recently gained interest as a measure of core symptoms (Kanne et al., 2014), though more research is necessary to determine if it is both sensitive and psychometrically valid.”
Shepherd, D., Buchwald, K., Siegert, R. J., & Vignes, M. (2024) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104808 · Cited by 14
Stolte, M., Thompson‐Hodgetts, S., & Smith, V. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.12.009 · Cited by 13
Shepherd, D., Landon, J., Goedeke, S., & Meads, J. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04487-3 · Cited by 13
Levin, A. R., Baumer, N., Amaral, J. L., Sargado, S., Pawlowski, K. G., Chiujdea, M., Schmitt, R. C. O., Weissman, L., Chan, E., Sideridis, G. D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000895 · Cited by 10
Sadikova, E., Dovgan, K., & Mazurek, M. O. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05401-1 · Cited by 10
“The AIM shows good test–retest reliability, cross-informant reliability, structural and convergent validity, and sensitivity to change (Kanne et al., 2014; Mazurek et al., 2018, 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReliability of the Commonly Used and Newly-Developed Autism Measures
Frazier, T. W., Whitehouse, A., Leekam, S., Carrington, S. J., Alvares, G. A., Evans, D. W., Hardan, A. Y., & Uljarević, M. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05967-y · Cited by 12
“…Symbolic Behavior Scales (Wetherby & Prizant, 2003), Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers (Stone et al., 2008), TELE-ASD-PEDS (Corona et al., 2021), Autism Impact Measure (Kanne et al., 2014), and Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (Grzadzinski et al., 2016; Kitzerow et al., 2016).”
Assessing Change in Core Autism Symptoms: Challenges for Pharmacological Studies
Aman, M. G., Arnold, L. E., & Hollway, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.28999.mga · Cited by 9
“The Autism Impact Measure (AIM; Kanne et al., 2014) is a recent candidate that appears to hold good promise for assessing change in ASD severity in children.”
Yu, Y., Ruble, L. A., McGrew, J. H., & Murray, D. S. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05263-7 · Cited by 11
“Autism Impact Measure (AIM; Kanne et al., 2014) is a 41-item a parent-reported measure assessing the impact of treatment on a child with ASD.”
BackgroundA pilot trial of the Incredible Years® Autism Spectrum and Language Delays Programme
Hutchings, J., Pearson-Blunt, R., Pasteur, M.-A., Healey, H., & Williams, M. E. (2016) · Bangor University Research Portal (Bangor University) · Cited by 8
Best practice assessments for autism spectrum disorders in schools
Christopher, K., & Lord, C. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22680 · Cited by 15
Zhong, N., Grimm, R. P., Kanne, S. M., & Mazurek, M. O. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2845 · Cited by 5
“Across these studies, a stable five-factor structure, including the Repetitive Behavior, Communication, Atypical Behavior, Social Reciprocity, and Peer Interaction factors, is consistently produced across multiple independent samples (Grimm et al., 2021; Houghton et al., 2019; Mazurek, Carlson, Baker-Ericzén, Butter,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRooks-Ellis, D. L., Scheibel, G., Mason, C. A., & Tu, S. (2023) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/10538151231218958 · Cited by 6
“Test–retest reliability ranged from .65 to .85 for the frequency subdomains and .53 to .78 for the impact subdomains (Kanne et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAnimal-Assisted Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder
O’Haire, M. E., Guérin, N. A., Kirkham, A. C., & Daigle, C. L. (2015) · Cited by 6
McKinney, A., Hotson, K. L., Rybicki, A. J., Weisblatt, E., Días, C., Foster, J., Villar, S. S., Murphy, S., & Belmonte, M. K. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3931-1 · Cited by 6
Rojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2023) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2022.339 · Cited by 5
Associations Among Autism Symptom Domains and Facets of Caregiver Strain
Brunt, S., Nevill, R. E. A., & Mazurek, M. O. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05885-5 · Cited by 5
“The ATN Registry is a clinical database containing child’s everyday functioning on a scale from 1 = Not at all to 5 = Severely (Kanne et al., 2014 ).”
Self-citationSleep disorders in substance abusers.
Oyemade, A. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 5
Kata, A., McPhee, P. G., Chen, Y., Zwaigenbaum, L., Singal, D., Roncadin, C., Bennett, T. A., Carter, M., Rezze, B. D., Drmic, I., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083045 · Cited by 7
Shepherd, D., Csákó, R. I., Landon, J., Goedeke, S., & Ty, K. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3543-8 · Cited by 5
ASPI: a public–private partnership to develop treatments for autism
Ness, S. L., Pandina, G., Jagannatha, S., Wathen, K., Bangerter, A., Manyakov, N. V., Hendren, R. L., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Murphy, D., Dawson, G., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00012-4 · Cited by 5
Nevill, R. E. A., Rey, C. N., Javed, N., Rooker, G. W., Yoo, H., & Zarcone, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2020.1725695 · Cited by 5
“Although some scales have been developed to measure the impact of treatment on core symptoms of ASD (e.g., Kanne et al., 2013), more measures are needed that look not only at the severity of RRB based on measures of frequency and intensity, but also that look at the global effect that engaging in…”
BackgroundThe relationship among early functional milestones and core deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ketcheson, L. R., Pitchford, E. A., & Wentz, C. F. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101638 · Cited by 5
Silkey, M., Durán-Pacheco, G., Johnson, M., Liu, C., Clinch, S. P., Law, K., & Loss, G. J. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05635-7 · Cited by 5
Wang, L., Qi, X. Z., Meng, Z., Xiang, M., Li, Z., Zhang, S., Hu, L., Hirai, H. W., To, C. K. S., & Wong, P. C. M. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00255 · Cited by 4
Appling, C. B., Nuraini, N., Holem, R. R., Hunter, S., Hirst, K., Takahashi, N., Mazurek, M. O., Kanne, S. M., Ferguson, B. J., & Beversdorf, D. Q. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15070286 · Cited by 6
“…whether baseline HRV predicts long-term maintenance of gains—and whether such prediction is specific to noradrenergic pathways—will extend previous links between adrenergic tone and social reciprocity [9] and cognition [25], as well as incorporation of parent-reported behavioral outcomes [35,36].”
Self-citationAutism and Children: Diagnosis, Functional Profiles and Intervention
Narzisi, A., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Marín, F. A. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10030522 · Cited by 6
“Multiple instruments have been developed to measure the perceived severity of symptoms (Autism Impact Measurement [34] and Childhood Autism Ratings Scale [35], among others).”
BackgroundPredictive Analysis of Parent Activation and Autism
McGrew, J. H., Yu, Y., Ruble, L. A., & Murray, D. S. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05985-w · Cited by 6
“Autism Impact Measure (AIM; Kanne et al., 2014) is a parent-reported measure of the frequency and effects of ASD symptoms.”
Grimm, R. P., Zhong, N., & Mazurek, M. O. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05303-2 · Cited by 4
Self-citationHarkins, C. M., & Mazurek, M. O. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05987-8 · Cited by 4
“Data were utilized from a previously completed study focused on validation of a treatment-outcome measure for youth with ASD (Kanne et al., 2014 ).”
Self-citationBrennan, J., & Davis, T. E. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06870-4 · Cited by 3
“The Autism Impact Measure—Impact Scale (AIM; Kanne et al., 2014) evaluated the functional impact of the participant’s autistic child’s core autism symptoms (i.e., restricted/ ritualized behaviors, odd/atypical behaviors, communication/language impairment, and social-emotional reciprocity deficits)…”
Brief Report: Investigating Temporal Factors in the Context of Parenting an Autistic Child
Meads, J., Shepherd, D., Landon, J., & Goedeke, S. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05642-8 · Cited by 4
“The child’s ASD symptom severity was assessed by parents using the reduced Autism Impact Measure (AIM) reported by Kanne et al., (2014, p. 175).”
From bedside to bench and back: Translating ASD models
Drozd, H. P., Karathanasis, S. F., Molosh, A. I., Lukkes, J. L., Clapp, D. W., & Shekhar, A. (2018) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.003 · Cited by 3
Greatorex, J., Straiton, D., & Ingersoll, B. R. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091171 · Cited by 2
“We used a QUAN → QUAL mixed methods approach (Palinkas et al., 2011), analyzing quantitative outcomes from the Autism Impact Measure (AIM; Kanne et al., 2014) before analyzing qualitative interview data.”
How Might Comorbid Conditions Co-occurring With Child Autism Impact Parenting Stress?
Shepherd, D., Landon, J., & Goedeke, S. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07214-6 · Cited by 2
Hirst, K., Zamzow, R., Stichter, J. P., & Beversdorf, D. Q. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10101639 · Cited by 2
“…asked a series of 41 questions regarding the frequency and the impact or interference resulting from a series of ASD-associated behaviors in order to determine effects, and includes subdomains on peer interaction, social reciprocity, atypical behavior, communication, and repetitive behavior [74].”
BackgroundIsmail, H. A., & Baker, J. N. (2024) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-024-00300-3 · Cited by 2
Cohen, T., Koller, J., Duku, E., Kata, A., Anderson, C., Bennett, T. A., Cauwenbergs, A., Dekker, K., Rezze, B. D., Drmic, I., et al. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06460-w · Cited by 2
Idris, A. B., Abdulrahim, R., Al-Mamari, W. S., Shih, A. J., & Kantaris, M. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2021.1895700 · Cited by 1
Córcoles, A. T., Calvo, R. M., & Nicolau, R. (2022) · Revista de Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil · doi:10.31766/revpsij.v39n3a5 · Cited by 1
A Mixed Methods Exploration of Emergency Service Use Among Autistic Youth
Bradley, R. S., Quetsch, L. B., del Rosario, E.-A., & Shields, K. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07229-z · Cited by 1
What PCIT Clinicians Need to Know About ASD Assessment
Forcino, S. S., & Nadler, C. B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03213-5_31 · Cited by 1
Monitoring Progress in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Eapen, V., Williams, K. J., Roberts, J., Rinehart, N., & McGillivray, J. (2016) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27171-2_6 · Cited by 1
“Measures such as the AIM hold promise in this regard by linking the frequency, impact and interference of each symptom with overall functioning that would have significant advantage in assisting with treatment planning and outcome assessment (Kanne et al., 2014).”
Tong, X., Xie, H., Fonzo, G. A., Zhao, K., Satterthwaite, T. D., Carlisle, N. B., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541841 · Cited by 1
“…symptom scores for ASD, we incorporated a total of 24 subscales from Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) 7 , Autism Impact Measure 6 , Social Responsiveness Scale 9 , and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS) 18 to quantify the symptom profile of each patient (Supplementary Fig.”
InfluentialTHE DEVELOPMENT OF EYETRACKING AS AN OUTCOME MEASURE FOR SOCIAL INTERVENTIONS IN AUTISM
Greene, R. K. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/qdqm-mp92
Utilisation and outcomes of treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Houghton, R. (2021) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20210304rh
Measuring Psychotropic Drug Effects and Side Effects
McPherson, P., & Sarfraz, N. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_22
Monitoring Progress in Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Callahan, M., Matson, J. L., & Brown, M. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_15
Cannabidiol for Treatment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders
Melnyk, C., & Wagner, K. D. (2024) · Psychiatric annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20240320-01
Metadata
- Authors
- Kanne, S. M., Mazurek, M. O., Sikora, D., Bellando, J., Branum-Martin, L., Handen, B., Katz, T., Freedman, B., Powell, M. P., & Warren, Z.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- University of Delaware (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kanne, Stephen M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2013-06-08
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 168-179
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2085899173
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (UA3 MC11054)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH100030)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, treatment outcome assessment, symptom frequency, symptom impact, sensitivity to change, psychometric properties, children with autism, test-retest reliability, convergent validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Treatment Outcome
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