Characterizing the Factor Structure of Parent Reported Executive Function in Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Impact of Cognitive Inflexibility
Open accessAbstract
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) consistently report executive functioning (EF) deficits. This study investigates the factor structure of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) as reported by parents of children with ASD and typically developing children (TDC). BRIEFs for 411 children with ASD and 467 TDC were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis of a nine-factor model met thresholds for goodness-of-fit in TDC, but not in the ASD sample. We found globally elevated EF problems in the ASD sample, especially on the Shift scale. These findings confirm that children with ASD exhibit significant EF deficits. Further investigation is needed to understand the pervasive nature of cognitive inflexibility in children with ASD.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 39 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Within the autism spectrum disorder group, there was a significant main effect of scale.
“An additional repeated measures ANOVA within the ASD group showed a significant main effect of scale (F(5.2,2151) = 75.79, p < 0.001, ηp2=0.156).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The nine-factor model of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function was confirmed in the typically developing children group.
“We confirmed the nine-factor model of the BRIEF in our TDC group (i.e., Inhibition, Shift, Emotional Control, Initiate, Working Memory, Planning and Organization, Organization of Materials, Self-Monitor, and Task-Monitor) reported previously (e.g., Roth et al. 2013)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roth et al. 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
The autism spectrum disorder group had significantly higher scores on all Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function scales compared to the typically developing children group.
“Post-hoc t-tests showed that the ASD group had significantly higher scores on all BRIEF scales as compared to the TDC group (ts > 11.8, ps < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was a significant main effect of group across Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function scales.
“A repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant main effect of group across BRIEF scales (F(1,876) = 484.61, p <.001, ηp2=0.356).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The three-factor and eight-factor models were relatively poor fits for Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function ratings in both autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children groups.
“The three-factor and eight-factor models were relatively poor fits for BRIEF ratings in the ASD and TDC groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Scores on item 8 were higher in the autism spectrum disorder group than in the typically developing children group.
“Scores on item 8 were higher in the ASD than the TDC group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In autism spectrum disorder, a cognitive flexibility item from the Shift subscale loaded strongly across all scales contributing to the Metacognition Index, but not in typically developing children.
“Exploratory model modification indices revealed that a cognitive flexibility item (#8) from the Shift subscale: “Tries the same approach to a problem over and over even when it does not work,” loaded strongly across all scales contributing to the Metacognition Index in the ASD, but not the TDC group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Other theoretically based model modifications did not result in acceptable fit indices.
“We also tested other theoretically based model modifications, but none of the attempts to improve model fit resulted in acceptable fit indices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The second-order model where the nine Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function scales were nested in three higher-order indices was confirmed in typically developing children.
“and the second-order model where the nine BRIEF scales were nested in three higher-order indices (i.e., Behavioral Regulation, Emotional Regulation, and Metacognition).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The autism spectrum disorder group's Shift scale had the highest mean T-score, with a value of 70.1.
“The ASD group’s Shift scale had the highest mean T-score (M = 70.1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Shift scale was significantly higher than all other Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function scales in the autism spectrum disorder group.
“Post-hoc paired-samples t-tests revealed that the Shift scale was significantly higher than all other BRIEF scales in the ASD group (ts > 5.1, ps < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Attempts to free parameters or remove item 8 led to other areas of strain in the model.
“We attempted to free the parameters as well as remove the item entirely from the analysis and both methods led to other areas of strain in the model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Parents did not report problems with planning and organization to a greater degree than problems in other executive functioning domains.
“Contrary to reports from laboratory based assessments, we did not find that parents reported problems with planning and organization to a greater degree than problems in other EF domains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function in children with autism spectrum disorder was elevated across scales.
“Consistent with previous research (e.g., Gioia et al. 2002a), the BRIEF in children with ASD was elevated across scales”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gioia et al. 2002a
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
The three-factor model alone was not confirmed among typically developing children in this study.
“However, the three-factor model alone (Gioia et al. 2002b; Roth et al. 2013) was not confirmed among TDC in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gioia et al. 2002b
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Roth et al. 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The highly structured clinical setting where executive functioning assessments are conducted is not representative of real world executive functioning demands.
“the highly structured clinical setting where assessments are often conducted is not representative of real world EF demands (Bernstein and Waber 1990).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bernstein and Waber 1990
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Children may perform within expected levels on executive functioning tasks in the clinic but perform poorly in daily activities that require executive functioning abilities.
“children may perform within the expected levels on EF tasks in the clinic setting but perform poorly in daily activities that require EF abilities (Powell and Voeller 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Powell and Voeller 2004 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Cognitive and behavioral flexibility is a specific executive functioning impairment for many individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
“Cognitive and behavioral flexibility is a specific EF impairment for many individuals with ASD (Gioia et al. 2002a; Rosenthal et al. 2013)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gioia et al. 2002a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Rosenthal et al. 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Executive functioning difficulties are correlated with core symptom presentation in autism spectrum disorder.
“Executive functioning (EF) difficulties are correlated with core symptom presentation (e.g., Kenworthy et al. 2009; Lopez et al. 2005; Reed et al. 2013; Yerys et al. 2009a)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder consistently report executive functioning deficits.
“Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) consistently report executive functioning (EF) deficits.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“EF deficits are commonly reported in school age children with ASD, who have difficulty with EF tasks within the context of a neuropsychological assessment (Hill 2004; Kenworthy et al. 2008; Pennington and Ozonoff 1996; Sergeant et al. 2002) as well as through informant report of everyday functioning (Gioia et al. 2002a; Mackinlay et al. 2006; Kenworthy et al. 2005; Winsler et al. 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
- Study design and conductnone given
The study used a robust estimation method to account for the ordinal nature of the data and the nonnormal distribution of scores in the autism spectrum disorder group.
“However, we utilized a robust estimation method to account for the ordinal nature of the data and the nonnormal distribution of the scores in the ASD group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Because the study excluded children with intellectual disability and children with medical or genetic conditions, the findings may not generalize to all children with autism spectrum disorder.
“It excluded children with intellectual disability and children with medical and/or genetic conditions and therefore the findings may not generalize to all children with ASD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Cognitive inflexibility is pervasive across metacognitive areas of executive functioning within the autism spectrum disorder population.
“Our results suggest that cognitive inflexibility is pervasive across metacognitive areas of EF within this population.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The findings are consistent with performance-based measures identifying cognitive flexibility deficits in autism spectrum disorder.
“These findings are consistent with performance-based measures identifying cognitive flexibility deficits in ASD (Hill 2004; Reed et al. 2013; Yerys et al. 2009a)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The poor model fit in the autism spectrum disorder group is likely not attributable to higher Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function scores.
“Thus, the poor model fit in the ASD group is likely not attributable to higher BRIEF scores.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The unusual dominance of flexibility problems in the autism spectrum disorder executive functioning profile is an alternative explanation for failure to replicate the typically developing children factor structure.
“An alternative explanation for the failure to replicate the TDC factor structure in the ASD data is the unusual dominance of flexibility problems in the ASD EF profile.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 7
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataSeventy-two percent of parents rated children in the autism spectrum disorder group as having difficulty with item 8, compared to 32 percent in the typically developing children group.
“Seventy-two percent of parents rated children in the ASD group as having difficulty with item 8, compared to 32 % in the TDC group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe nine-factor model of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function met goodness-of-fit thresholds in typically developing children but not in children with autism spectrum disorder.
“The CFA of the nine-factor model met thresholds for goodness-of-fit in the TDC group, but not the ASD group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the autism spectrum disorder group, none of the models met goodness of fit criteria, and further analysis involving attempts to free parameters and remove items continued to lead to other areas of strain in the model.
“In the ASD group none of the models met goodness of fit criteria and further analysis that involved attempts to free parameters and remove items, continued to lead to other areas of strain in the model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe Plan/Organize scale was significantly elevated for the autism spectrum disorder group compared to typically developing children, but it was not in the clinically significant range and was lower than several other scales in addition to Shift.
“The Plan/Organize scale was significantly elevated for the ASD group compared to TDC, but it was not in the clinically significant range and was lower than several other scales in addition to Shift.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationRecent analyses support a factor structure of nine scales with three higher-order indices for the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function.
“Recent analyses of the BRIEF in a mixed clinical sample (Gioia et al. 2002b) and with typically developing adults (Roth et al. 2013) support a factor structure of nine scales with three higher-order indices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gioia et al. 2002b
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Roth et al. 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBoth informant report and laboratory assessments identify executive functioning deficits in autism spectrum disorder across many domains.
“Both informant report (Gioia et al. 2002a) and laboratory based assessments (Pennington and Ozonoff 1996) identify EF deficits in ASD across many domains and on tasks that make demands on multiple processes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gioia et al. 2002a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Pennington and Ozonoff 1996 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningGathering information from parents and teachers about executive functioning in everyday situations is critical.
“This suggests that gathering information from parents and teachers about EF in everyday situations is critical, because everyday situations provide less structure, and because survey knowledgeable informants can collapse across many experiences and time to provide a more accurate assessment than might be offered by a single neuropsychological assessment (Burgess 1997).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burgess 1997
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationExecutive functioning difficulties are linked to adaptive behavior difficulties in autism spectrum disorder.
“and adaptive behavior difficulties in ASD (Gilotty et al. 2002)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gilotty et al. 2002 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLaboratory measures suggest organization and planning weaknesses in autism spectrum disorder.
“and laboratory measures also suggest organization and planning weaknesses (Hill 2004; Kenworthy et al. 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationImpaired flexibility is reflected in core symptoms of insistence on sameness and inflexible patterns of behavior and thinking.
“Impaired flexibility is reflected in core symptoms of insistence on sameness and inflexible patterns of behavior and thinking (D’Cruz et al. 2013; Lopez et al. 2005; Reed et al. 2013, 2011; Yerys et al. 2009a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites D’Cruz et al. 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lopez et al. 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Reed et al. 2013
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationExecutive functioning difficulties are linked to decreased independence and poor outcomes in adulthood.
“and are linked to decreased independence and poor outcomes in adulthood (Hume et al. 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hume et al. 2009
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationDifficulty with flexibility, organization and planning are described as features of autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-5.
“Difficulty with flexibility, organization and planning are specifically described as features of ASD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites American Psychiatric Association 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationImpaired planning and organizational skills are explicitly referenced in DSM-5 severity levels for autism spectrum disorder.
“impaired planning and organizational skills are now explicitly referenced in the DSM-5 severity levels for ASD, which indicate that “problems of organization and planning hamper independence” in this population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites American Psychiatric Association 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningBecause Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function data are ordinal, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using polychoric correlations and asymptotic covariance matrices.
“The data from the BRIEF are ordinal and therefore CFAs were conducted using polychoric correlations and asymptotic covariance matrices (DiStefano 2002; Flora and Curran 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites DiStefano 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Flora and Curran 2004
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function is sensitive to executive functioning deficits in autism spectrum disorder and identifies a unique profile emphasizing flexibility problems.
“In addition, these data confirm that the BRIEF is sensitive to EF deficits in ASD and also identify a unique profile of EF deficits, which emphasizes problems with flexibility.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataChildren with autism spectrum disorder experience significant executive functioning difficulties in everyday settings, with an emphasis on cognitive flexibility.
“The current study confirms that children with ASD experience significant EF difficulties in everyday settings—with an emphasis on cognitive flexibility.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBehavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function T-scores of 65 or higher indicate potential clinical significance.
“T-scores ≥65 indicate “potential clinical significance” (Gioia et al. 2000, p. 14).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gioia et al. 2000
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study relied solely on parent report of executive functioning.
“It also relied solely on parent report of EF.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe Social Communication Questionnaire Total score shows strong correlations with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.
“The SCQ Total score shows strong correlations with the ADI-R (r = 0.71) (Berument et al. 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Berument et al. 1999
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThere were no missing data from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function reports of either the autism spectrum disorder or typically developing children groups.
“There were no missing data from the BRIEFs of either the ASD or TDC groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationAutism spectrum disorder diagnosis was established using trained and experienced clinicians applying DSM-IV-TR criteria and standardized diagnostic instruments.
“Included participants received an ASD diagnosis from trained and experienced clinicians applying DSM-IV-TR criteria (APA 2000) and met diagnostic criteria established by the NICHD/NIDCD Collaborative Programs for Excellence in Autism (Lainhart et al. 2006) using expert clinical judgment based on all available clinical data including the Autism Diagnostic Interview/Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revis”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe exploratory analysis reveals theoretically consistent findings, which has been identified as justification for interpreting model modification indices.
“Although this is an exploratory analysis, it reveals theoretically consistent findings, which has been previously identified as justification for interpreting the model modification indices (Schreiber et al. 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schreiber et al. 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
It is unknown whether the nine-factor Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function structure observed in typically developing children also applies to children with autism spectrum disorder.
“It is unknown whether the nine-factor structure identified in TDC groups is also observed in children with ASD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This is the first study to examine the factor structure of executive functioning in everyday settings in both typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder.
“To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the factor structure of EF in everyday settings with both TDC and children with ASD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This is the largest sample of children with autism spectrum disorder yet investigated using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function.
“In addition, this is the largest sample of children with ASD yet investigated using the BRIEF.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Set-shifting difficulties in daily life are most pronounced in children with ASD relative to typically-developing children and children with other developmental disorders.
“Set-shifting is the EF domain exhibiting the most pronounced impairment in daily life for children with ASD relative to both children with typical development”
From Can Bilingualism Mitigate Set-Shifting Difficulties in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders? (2019) · cites this paper as Granader et al., 2014
Individuals with ASD exhibit impairment in set-shifting across a broad range of samples, tasks, and measurement constructs.
“individuals with ASD exhibited an impairment in set-shifting”
From Can Bilingualism Mitigate Set-Shifting Difficulties in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders? (2019) · cites this paper as Granader et al., 2014
This matches prior findings that set-shifting is a particularly prominent difficulty in ASD.
“However, while set-shifting scores of children with ASD were in the executive dysfunction range, this was not the case for working memory scores, replicating the finding that set-shifting is a peak area of difficulty in ASD (Gioia et al., 2002, Granader et al., 2014).”
From Can Bilingualism Mitigate Set-Shifting Difficulties in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders? (2019) · cites this paper as Granader et al., 2014
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 876) = 484.61reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,876) = 484.61, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(5.2, 2151) = 75.79reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(5.2,2151) = 75.79, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The same article is listed under two publication years
MinorReferences 35 and 36 have the same authors, title, journal volume, pages, and DOI, but one assigns the article to 2011 and the other to 2013. The paper also cites the two years as though they identify separate works.
“35. Reed P Watts H Truzoli R 2011 Flexibility in young people with autism spectrum disorders on a card sort task Autism 17 2 162 171 21690212 10.1177/1362361311409599”
“36. Reed P Watts H Truzoli R 2013 Flexibility in young people with autism spectrum disorders on a card sort task Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice 17 2 162 171 21690212 10.1177/1362361311409599”
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 59 · Cited by 106
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Anderson, V., Jacobs, R., & Anderson, P. J. (2008). Executive functions and the frontal lobe. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group LLC.
- Bernstein, J., & Waber, D. P. (1990). Developmental neuropsychological assessment: The systemic approach. In A. A. Boulton, G. B. Baker, & M. Hiscock (Eds.), Neuromethods: Volume 17, neuropsychology (Vol. 17, pp. 311–371). Clifton, NJ: Humana.
- Burgess, P. W. (1997). Theory and methodology in executive function and research. In P. Rabbitt (Ed.), Methodology of frontal and executive function (pp. 81–116). Hove, UK: Taylor and Francis.
- Cannon, L., Kenworthy, L., Alexander, K., Werner, M., & Anthony, L. (2011). Unstuck and on target! An executive function curriculum to improve flexibility for children with autism spectrum disorders (research ed.). Baltimore, MD: Pail H. Brookes Publishing Co.
- Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
- Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Reed, P., Watts, H., & Truzoli, R. (2013). Flexibility in young people with autism spectrum disorders on a card sort task. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 17(2), 162–171. · DOI · Paper page
- Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). Social Communication Questionnaire. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
- The Psychological Corporation. (1990). Differential Abilities Scales. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
- The Psychological Corporation. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of intelligence. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
- The Psychological Corporation. (2002). Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of intelligence-third edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
- The Psychological Corporation. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-fourth edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
- Authors
- Granader, Y., Wallace, G. L., Hardy, K. K., Yerys, B. E., Lawson, R. A., Rosenthal, M., Wills, M. C., Dixon, E., Pandey, J., Penna, R., Schultz, R. T., & Kenworthy, L.
- Affiliations
- Children's National (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Granader, Yael
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2014-06-28
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3056-3062
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC6084425
- OpenAlex
- W2021433979
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Pfizer
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (RC1MH088791)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD026979)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, executive function, cognitive inflexibility, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, factor structure, shifts, typically developing children, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Parents, Personality Inventory, Executive Function
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