Prevalence of co-occurring medical and behavioral conditions/symptoms among 4- and 8-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder in selected areas of the United States in 2010
Open accessAbstract
We compared the prevalence of various medical and behavioral co-occurring conditions/symptoms between 4- and 8-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from five sites in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network during the 2010 survey year, accounting for sociodemographic differences. Over 95% of children had at least one co-occurring condition/symptom. Overall, the prevalence was higher in 8- than 4-year-olds for 67% of co-occurring conditions/symptoms examined. Further, our data suggested that co-occurring conditions/symptoms increased or decreased the age at which children were first evaluated for ASD. Similarly, among the 8-year-olds, the prevalence of most co-occurring conditions/symptoms was higher in children with a previous ASD diagnosis documented in their records. These findings are informative for understanding and screening co-occurring conditions/symptoms in ASD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Collectively, co-occurring difficulties and disorders contribute to ASD severity and independence and wellbeing at each age.
“Collectively, these difficulties and disorders contribute to ASD severity 169 and independence and wellbeing at each age 170”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [169]
Prevalence of depressive disorders in ASD children varied from 0.00% in children aged 3-4y to 74.80% for any mood disorder in ASD children aged 8y.
“Prevalence for depressive disorders varied from 0.00% in children aged 3–4y (35) to 74.80 % [any mood disorder] in ASD children aged 8y (42) (Figure 5 and Supplementary Material 6).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Anxiety appears to be more prevalent in older children with ASD, and age was identified as a risk factor in Soke et al. [adjusted OR = 2.28 (CI95%: 1.57-3.39)].
“Anxiety appears to be more prevalent in older children and age was identified as a risk factor in Soke et al. (42) [adjusted OR = 2.28 (CI95%: 1.57–3.39)].”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Overall, ADHD appears more prevalent in male adolescents with ASD, with sex identified as a risk factor.
“Overall, ADHD appears more prevalent in male adolescents as sex was identified as a risk factor in Salazar et al. (40), and also confirmed in Brookman-Frazee et al. (37) who found that boys were 3.37 more likely to score positive for any ADHD disorder on the MINI-KID-P, while Soke et al. (42) found ADHD to be more prevalent in children aged 8y vs. 4y, with an adjusted OR = 4.78 (CI95%: 3.40–6.73).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Soke et al. found ADHD to be more prevalent in children aged 8y versus 4y, with an adjusted OR = 4.78 (CI95%: 3.40-6.73).
“Soke et al. (42) found ADHD to be more prevalent in children aged 8y vs. 4y, with an adjusted OR = 4.78 (CI95%: 3.40–6.73).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Soke et al. reported epilepsy/seizure rates of 2.81% and 3.02% in children aged 4y and 8y, respectively, but did not identify age as a risk factor (adjusted OR = 0.99 [CI95%: 0.54-1.84]).
“Soke et al. (42) reported rates of 2.81% and 3.02% in children aged 4y and 8y respectively, but did not identify age as a risk factor (adjusted OR = 0.99 (CI95%: 0.54–1.84).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Muratori et al. reported a high prevalence rate for affective problems of 23.4% in children of mean age 44.01 months, whereas Soke et al. reported a prevalence for mood disorders of 56.00% in children aged 4y.
“In Italy, Muratori et al. (43) reported a high prevalence rate for affective problems of 23.4% in children of mean age 44.01 months, whereas Soke et al. (42) reported a prevalence for mood disorders of 56.00% in children aged 4y.”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Soke et al. identified age as a risk factor for sleep abnormalities (adjusted OR = 1.34 [CI95%: 1.15-1.56]) and estimated prevalence of 26.95% in children aged 4y and 37.12% in children aged 8y.
“Similar to previously mentioned co-morbidities, age was identified as a risk factor (adjusted OR = 1.34 [CI95%: 1.15–1.56]) for sleep abnormalities in Soke et al. (42) which estimated prevalence of 26.95% in children aged 4y and 37.12% in children aged 8y.”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Soke et al. identified age as a risk factor for mood disorder, with prevalence of 74.80% in children aged 8y versus 56.00% in children aged 4y [adjusted OR = 1.25 (CI95%: 1.16-1.35)].
“Similar to ADHD and anxiety, Soke et al. (42) identified age to be a risk factor for mood disorder with a prevalence of 74.80% in children aged 8y versus 56.00% in children aged 4y [adjusted OR = 1.25 (CI95%: 1.16–1.35)].”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Epilepsy and depressive disorders were predominant in female individuals and slightly increasing with age.
“Epilepsy and depressive disorders were predominant in female individuals and slightly increasing with age (33, 38, 41, 42).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Sleep disorders were more frequently observed in children than adolescents.
“Sleep disorders were more frequently observed in children than adolescents (41, 42).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Prevalence of ADHD and anxiety appear to increase until adolescence, with a decline observed when reaching adulthood.
“Prevalence of ADHD and anxiety appear to increase until adolescence, with a decline observed when reaching adulthood (41, 42, 58).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 51 · Cited by 194
- Authors
- Soke, G. N., Maenner, M. J., Christensen, D., Kurzius-Spencer, M., & Schieve, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Soke, G. N.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2018-03-09
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2663-2676
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC6041136
- OpenAlex
- W2790761228
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 11.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, co-occurring conditions, comorbidities, behavioral symptoms, prevalence, young children, screening, sociodemographic differences
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Behavioral Symptoms, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
