The relational impact of multiple sclerosis: an integrative review of the literature using a cognitive analytic framework
Open accessAbstract
This integrative literature review uses cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) theory to examine the impact of a chronic illness, multiple sclerosis (MS), on relationships and mental health. Electronic searches were conducted in six medical and social science databases. Thirty-eight articles met inclusion criteria, and also satisfied quality criteria. Articles revealed that MS-related demands change care needs and alter relationships. Using a CAT framework, the MS literature was analysed, and five key patterns of relating to oneself and to others were identified. A diagrammatic formulation is proposed that interconnects these patterns with wellbeing and suggests potential "exits" to improve mental health, for example, assisting families to minimise overprotection. Application of CAT analysis to the literature clarifies relational processes that may affect mental health among individuals with MS, which hopefully will inform how services assist in reducing unhelpful patterns and improve coping. Further investigation of the identified patterns is needed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Theoretical models of adjustment in MS were based on research mainly including people with relapsing-remitting MS or mixed samples, so the relevance of all predicting factors to people with progressive MS is not clear.
“These models were based on research that mainly included people with relapsing-remitting MS or mixed samples of the MS population, so the relevance of all the predicting factors to people with progressive MS who may face different challenges and symptoms is not clear.”
From Key demographics and psychological skills associated with adjustment to progressive Multiple Sclerosis early in the diagnosis (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
The Discussion distinguishes relapses followed by remissions from enduring symptoms and progressive deterioration. The Limitations section also questions whether the review’s relational patterns apply to every individual with MS. However, the paper does not say that adjustment models were based mainly on relapsing-remitting or mixed samples, or assess whether their predicting factors apply to people with progressive MS; searches for “relapsing-remitting” and “predicting factors” found no such passage. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The integrative review: updated methodology
Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x · Cited by 10,241 · see citing works
Chronic illness as biographical disruption
Bury, M. (1982) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11339939 · Cited by 3,960 · see citing works
Kushner (2021) · doi:10.12788/jfp · Cited by 3,799 · see citing works
Validation of the Hospital anxiety and depression scale for use with multiple sclerosis patients
Honarmand, K., & Feinstein, A. (2009) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458509347150 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders and their clinical correlates in multiple sclerosis patients
Korostil, M., & Feinstein, A. (2007) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458506071161 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
(2012) · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Introducing Cognitive Analytic Therapy
Ryle, A., & Kerr, I. B. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713587 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Combining Evidence in Nursing Research
Whittemore, R. (2005) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200501000-00008 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
The social impact of multiple sclerosis - a study of 305 patients and their relatives
Hakim, E. A., Bakheit, A. M. O., Bryant, T. N., Roberts, M. W. H., McIntosh‐Michaelis, S. A., Spackman, A., Martin, J. P., & McLellan, D. L. (2000) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/096382800296755 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Introducing Cognitive Analytic Therapy: Principles and Practice
Ryle, A., & Kerr, I. B. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Hidden geographies: The changing lifeworlds of women with multiple sclerosis
Dyck, I. (1995) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)e0091-6 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Long term Conditions Compendium of Information
Billeter, J. (2013) · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Fisher, L., & Weihs, K. L. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Cognitive Analytic Therapy: Developments in Theory and Practice
Ryle, A. (1995) · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Parental illness and disability: a family systems framework
Rolland, J. S. (1999) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.00118 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Psychosocial adjustment to multiple sclerosis: exploration of identity redefinition
Irvine, H., Davidson, C., Hoy, K. E., & Lowe-Strong, A. (2009) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280802243286 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Hughes, N., Locock, L., & Ziébland, S. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.023 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Improving patient compliance with asthma therapy
Chapman, K. R., Walker, L. E., CLULEY, S., & Fabbri, L. M. (2000) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1053/rmed.1999.0667 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
‘The intruder’: spouses’ narratives about life with a chronically ill partner
Eriksson, M., & Svedlund, M. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01290.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
A Trial of Cognitive Analytic Therapy in Poorly Controlled Type I Patients
Fosbury, J., Bosley, C. M., Ryle, A., Sönksen, P. H., & Judd, S. L. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.6.959 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Malcomson, K. S., Lowe-Strong, A., & Dunwoody, L. (2008) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280701400730 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Reynolds, F. A., & Prior, S. J. (2003) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732303257108 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Reynolds, C. R. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1756 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Sexuality in multiple sclerosis
Schmidt, E., Hofmann, P., Niederwieser, G., Kapfhammer, H., & Bonelli, R. M. (2005) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-005-0275-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Becoming mothers. Multiple sclerosis and motherhood: A qualitative study
Payne, D., & McPherson, K. M. (2009) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638280903204708 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
(2021) · Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.4274/tftrd · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The state of the science of family caregiver‐care receiver mutuality: a systematic review
Park, E. O., & Schumacher, K. L. (2013) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12032 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Caring as worrying: the experience of spousal carers
Cheung, J., & Hocking, P. (2004) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03126.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Psychosocial Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis
Murray, T. J. (1995) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(18)30067-7 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Grytten, N., & Måseide, P. (2006) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/17423953060020030101 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The impact of multiple sclerosis on sexuality and relationships
McCabe, M. P., McDonald, E. A., Deeks, A. A., Vowels, L., & Cobain, M. J. (1996) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499609551840 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Loss and change: experiences of people severely affected by multiple sclerosis
Edmonds, P. M., Vivat, B., Burman, R., Silber, E., & Higginson, I. J. (2007) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216307076333 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Dyadic Adjustment in Chronic Illness: Does Relationship Talk Matter?
Badr, H., & Acitelli, L. K. (2005) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.3.465 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Living with Chronic Illness: Social Support and the Well Spouse Perspective
DesRosier, M. B., Catanzaro, M., & Piller, J. (1992) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.1992.tb01519.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
`Fighting for everything': service experiences of people severely affected by multiple sclerosis
Edmonds, P. J., Vivat, B., Burman, R., Silber, E., & Higginson, I. J. (2007) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458506071789 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The meaning of fatigue for women with multiple sclerosis
Olsson, M. B., Lexell, J. E., & Söderberg, S. (2004) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03258.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Galushko, M., Golla, H., Strupp, J., Karbach, U., Kaiser, C., Ernstmann, N., Pfaff, H., Ostgathe, C., & Voltz, R. (2014) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2013.0497 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Husbands and Wives Living with Multiple Sclerosis
Courts, N. F., Newton, A. N., & McNeal, L. J. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.1097/01376517-200502000-00004 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Social support among persons with multiple sclerosis
Gulick, E. E. (1994) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.4770170307 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Experiences of partners of people in the early stages of multiple sclerosis
Bogosian, A., Moss-Morris, R. E., Yardley, L., & Dennison, L. (2009) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458508100048 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Advanced multiple sclerosis and the psychosocial impact on families
Bowen, C., MacLehose, A., & Beaumont, J. G. (2010) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440903287934 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Path to Self-Management: A Qualitative Study Involving Older People with Multiple Sclerosis
Ploughman, M., Austin, M. W., Murdoch, M., Kearney, A., Godwin, M. S., & Stefanelli, M. (2011) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.2010-42 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Psychosocial support and change in the health status of physically disabled people
Patrick, D. L., Morgan, M., & Charlton, J. R. H. (1986) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(86)90098-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Bogosian, A., Moss-Morris, R. E., & Hadwin, J. A. (2010) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215510367982 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Family Members: A Review of the Literature
Uccelli, M. M. (2014) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt.14.6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Couple’s Experience with Multiple Sclerosis in the Context of their Sexual Relationship
Esmail, S., Munro, B., & Gibson, N. (2007) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-007-9054-8 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Boland, P., Levack, W., Hudson, S., & Bell, E. M. (2012) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.645115 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Pakenham, K. I., & Cox, S. D. (2011) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.563853 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Top 10 Needs of People with Multiple Sclerosis and Their Significant Others
Koopman, W. J., Benbow, C.-L., & Vandervoort, M. K. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.1097/01376517-200610000-00008 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
MS and me: exploring the impact of multiple sclerosis on perceptions of self
Mozo-Dutton, L., Simpson, J., & Boot, J. S. (2011) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.638032 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Kralik, D., Koch, T., & Eastwood, S. (2003) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02505.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Meaning of Women's Experiences of Living With Multiple Sclerosis
Olsson, M. B., Lexell, J. E., & Söderberg, S. (2008) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399330701876646 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Continuation of caregiving among partners who give total care to spouses with multiple sclerosis
Boeije, H., Duijnstee, M. S. H., & Grypdonck, M. (2003) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2524.2003.00422.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Constructions of sexuality for women living with multiple sclerosis
Koch, T., Kralik, D., & Eastwood, S. (2002) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02253.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Treatment of depression in people who have multiple sclerosis
Sollom, A. C., & Kneebone, I. (2007) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458507072384 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Family coping behaviors in chronic illness: a rehabilitation perspective.
Power, P. W. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 41 · see citing works
How do adolescents adjust to their parent's multiple sclerosis?: An interview study
Bogosian, A., Moss-Morris, R. E., Bishop, F. L., & Hadwin, J. A. (2010) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910710x521492 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
In sickness and in health: experience of caring for a spouse with MS
Mutch, K. (2010) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2010.19.4.46782 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Esmail, S., Huang, J. Q., Lee, I., & Maruska, T. (2010) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-009-9144-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Loneliness in Women with Multiple Sclerosis
Beal, C. C., & Stuifbergen, A. M. (2007) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2007.tb00171.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Green, G., & Todd, J. (2008) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/1742395307087457 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Walsh, S., Hagan, T., & Gamsu, D. S. (2000) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711200160390 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationA qualitative study of the childbearing experience of women living with multiple sclerosis
Anderson, J., & Wallace, L. M. (2012) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.717581 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Living with Parental Multiple Sclerosis: Children's Experiences and Clinical Implications
Turpin, M. J., Leech, C., & Hackenberg, L. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/000841740807500306 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Painting a New Face on Relationships: Relationship Remodeling in Response to Chronic Illness
Lyons, R., & Meade, D. (1995) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483327181.n8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Meanings of being received and met by others as experienced by women with MS
Olsson, M. B., Skär, L., & Söderberg, S. (2011) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.3402/qhw.v6i1.5769 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Jones, J., Walsh, S., & Isaac, C. L. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-014-9408-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationDaughters of Mothers With Multiple Sclerosis: Their Experiences of Play
Jonzon, A. J., & Goodwin, D. L. (2012) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.29.3.205 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Impact of depression on multiple sclerosis patients
Leonavičius, R., & Adomaitienė, V. (2012) · Open Medicine · doi:10.2478/s11536-012-0032-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Her Illness Is a Project We Can Work on Together”
Rintell, D. J., & Melito, R. (2013) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2012-022 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Jenaway, A. (2011). Using Cognitive Analytic Therapy for Medically Unexplained Symptoms—some theory and initial outcomes. Reformulation, pp. 53–55. Retrieved from http://www.acat.me.uk/page/home.
- McClurg D Beattie K Lowe-Strong A Hagen S The elephant in the room: The impact of bowel dysfunction on people with multiple sclerosis Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Women’s Health 2012 111 13 21
- Rice-Varian, C. (2011). The effectiveness of standard cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) with people with mild and moderate acquired brain injury (ABI): An outcome evaluation. Reformulation, pp. 49–54. Retrieved from http://www.acat.me.uk/page/home.
- Shannon, K., & Swarbrick, R., (2010). The development of a cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) relational framework for bipolar disorder (BD). Reformulation, pp. 17–25. Retrieved from http://www.acat.me.uk/page/home.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Psychosocial adjustment to multiple sclerosis diagnosis: A meta-review of systematic reviews
Topcu, G., Griffiths, H., Bale, C., Trigg, E., Clarke, S., Potter, K.-J., Mhizha-Murira, J. R., Drummond, A., Evangelou, N., Fitzsimmons, D., et al. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101923 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Momsen, A. H., Ørtenblad, L., & Maribo, T. (2022) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2021.101529 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Anderson, A., Dierkhising, J., Rush, G. Q., Carleton, M. A., Rosendale, N., & Bove, R. M. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103214 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The impact of social capital on patients with multiple sclerosis
Reyes, S., Suárez, S., Allen‐Philbey, K., Thomson, A., & Giovannoni, G. (2020) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.13244 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Baronian, R., & Leggett, S. J. (2019) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/2049463719858119 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dating with a Diagnosis: The Lived Experience of People with Multiple Sclerosis
Tabassum, K., Fox, J., Fuller, S., & Hynes, S. M. (2021) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-021-09698-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bogosian, A., Day, F., Norton, S., Silber, E., Sakel, M., Sharrack, B., & Moss-Morris, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2022.966133 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Calandri, E., Graziano, F., Borghi, M., & Bonino, S. (2021) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12630 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Graziano, F., Borghi, M., Bonino, S., & Calandri, E. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02845-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A qualitative analysis of derogatory labels used against persons with disabilities in Kashmir
Ahmad, S., Lone, Z. A., & Ahad, K. (2024) · Development in Practice · doi:10.1080/09614524.2024.2424874 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hendin, B. A., Brook, R. A., Beren, I. A., Kleinman, N., Fink, C., Phillips, A. L., & Lobo, C. P. (2023) · Journal of health economics and outcomes research · doi:10.36469/001c.57593 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Oniszczenko, W., Bitner-Szulc, J., Szylberg, A., Kuczko-Piekarska, E., Zaborowska, M., & Wawrzyniak, S. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
CAT for long-term health conditions
Thompson, A. R., & Fox, J. R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198866572.013.33
Desai, J., & Sandoval, E. P. (2023) · Essential clinical social work series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31650-0_1
Understanding the Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Quality of Life: An Italian Pilot Study
Vitale, E., Lupo, R., Panzanaro, L., Visconti, R., Tumolo, M. R., Caldararo, P., Cucci, F., Cascio, D., Nunzio, G. D., Botti, S., et al. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15090960
Fragkiadaki, E., Nizza, I. E., Starr, R. A., Smith, J. A., Rice, C., & Cotterill, N. (2026) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70059
Relationship trust in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a network analysis approach
Văcăraș, C., Tînc, L. C. I., Văcăraș, V., Predatu, R., Crișan, C., Mureșanu, D., & Văcăraș, V. (2026) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-026-03130-9
- Authors
- Blundell Jones, J., Walsh, S., & Isaac, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings
- Published
- 2017-07-29
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 316-340
- ISSN
- 1068-9583 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3572
- PMC
- PMC5705738
- OpenAlex
- W2740440868
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 0.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, cognitive analytic therapy, relationships, mental health, chronic disease, family caregiving, overprotection, well-being, coping, relationship patterns
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Disability Evaluation, General Adaptation Syndrome, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Multiple Sclerosis, Psychological Theory, Quality of Life, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review