CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 104Urban Transport and AccessibilityHealth disparities and outcomesUrban and Rural Development Challenges

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Beyond Urban Penalty and Urban Sprawl: Back to Living Conditions as the Focus of Urban Health

Open access
Freudenberg, Nicholas, Galea, Sandro, Vlahov, David·2005·Journal of Community Health
DOI 10.1007/s10900-004-6091-4
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Researchers have long studied urban health, both to describe the consequences of urban living and to design interventions to promote the health of people living in cities. Two approaches to understanding the impact of cities on health have been dominant, namely, urban health penalty and urban sprawl. The urban penalty approach posits that cities concentrate poor people and expose them to unhealthy physical and social environments. Urban sprawl focuses on the adverse health and environmental effects of urban growth into outlying areas. We propose a model that integrates these approaches and emphasizes urban living conditions as the primary determinant of health. The aim of the model is to move beyond describing the health-related characteristics of various urban populations towards identifying opportunities for intervention. Such a shift in framework enables meaningful comparisons that can inform public health activities at the appropriate level and evaluate their effectiveness in improving the health of urban populations. The model is illustrated with two examples from current urban public health practice.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10900-004-6091-4

Cites

55 of 55 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Population Growth and Urbanization. Population Reports Preview edition June 2001 1?7: Available at www.jhuccp.org/pr/urbanpre.stm.
  2. S Vlahov D Galea, 2002, J Urban Health, 79 Suppl 1, S1
  3. S Wheeler, 2000, The City Reader, 435
  4. I Kawachi, 2000, Social Epidemiology.
  5. Standard and Poor?s DRI. U.S. Metro Economies: The Engines of America?s Growth. Washington, DC: United States Conference of Mayor?s and the National Association of Counties, 1999.
  6. J Belmin, 2003, Presse Med, 32, 1591
  7. C Fuller, 2002, J Am Pharm Assoc, 42, S77
  8. S Galea, 2002, Public Health Rep, 117, S135

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 104

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Freudenberg, N., Galea, S., & Vlahov, D.
Affiliations
City University of New York (US)
Corresponding author
Freudenberg, Nicholas
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Community Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2005-02
Volume
30
Issue
1
Pages
1-11
ISSN
  • 0094-5145 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-3610
DOI
10.1007/s10900-004-6091-4
OpenAlex
W2034600447
Cited by
104
References
55
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI
20.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Community Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
Keywords
urban health, urban sprawl, living conditions, health determinants, urban poverty, social environment, physical environment
MeSH terms
Community Health Services, Health Promotion, Models, Theoretical, Poverty, Public Health, Residence Characteristics, Social Conditions, Urban Health

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review