Slum Health: From Understanding to Action
Open accessAbstract
The defining physical and legal characteristics of slums profoundly affect the health of these communities and may also serve as potential targets for immediate intervention.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Overcrowding and poor housing conditions can increase residents' susceptibility to other diseases that spread through direct person-to-person contact or via droplets, including skin lesions, skin superinfections, and tuberculosis.
“Overcrowding and poor housing conditions can also increase residents' susceptibility to other diseases that spread through direct person-to-person contact or via droplets, including skin lesions, skin superinfections ( i.e. , secondary infections caused by organisms that are resistant to treatment used for initial infection), and tuberculosis 38 , and antibiotics used to treat these infections can”
From Urban informal settlements as hotspots of antimicrobial resistance and the need to curb environmental transmission. (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
The Overcrowding section (page not provided) links crowded slum dwellings to respiratory infections and reports higher tuberculosis rates among children in Manila squatter settlements. The Inadequate access to safe water section links limited bathing to scabies and bacterial skin infections, but the paper does not link skin lesions or skin superinfections specifically to overcrowding or describe their spread by direct contact or droplets. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Urban as a determinant of health
Vlahov, D., Freudenberg, N., Proietti, F., Ompad, D., Quinn, A., Nandi, V., & Galea, S. (2007) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-007-9169-3 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Beyond urban penalty and urban sprawl: Back to living conditions as the focus of urban health
Freudenberg, N., Galea, S., & Vlahov, D. (2005) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-004-6091-4 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 27
- Dickens C 1853 Bleak House London Penguin Books
- Szwarcwald CL Andrade CL Bastos FI 2002 Income inequality, residential poverty clustering and infant mortality: A study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Soc Sci Med 55 2083 2092 12409122
- Sclar ED Garau P Carolini G 2005 The 21st century health challenge of slums and cities Lancet 365 901 903 15752535
- Fotso JC 2006 Child health inequities in developing countries: Differences across urban and rural areas Int J Equity Health 5 9 16831231 PMC1544325
- Riley LW Ko AI Unger A Reis MG 2007 Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations BMC Int Health Hum Rights 7 2 17343758 PMC1829399
- Ameratunga S Hijar M Norton R 2006 Road-traffic injuries: Confronting disparities to address a global-health problem Lancet 367 1533 1540 16679167
- Dhara VR Dhara R 2002 The Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal: A review of health effects Arch Environ Health 57 391 404 12641179
- Nates JL Moyer VA 2005 Lessons from Hurricane Katrina, tsunamis, and other disasters Lancet 366 1144 1146 16198751
- McLellan F 2005 Hurricane Katrina: “A speaking sight”, or, washday in Durant Lancet 366 968 969 16168761
- Jackson J 2006 Fatal attraction: Living with earthquakes, the growth of villages into megacities, and earthquake vulnerability in the modern world Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 364 1911 1925 16844641
- Bartlett SN 2002 The problem of children's injuries in low-income countries: A review Health Policy Plan 17 1 13 11861582
- Sharma S Sethi GR Rohtagi A Chaudhary A Shankar R 1998 Indoor air quality and acute lower respiratory infection in Indian urban slums Environ Health Perspect 106 291 297 9560355 PMC1533083
- Benicio MH Ferreira MU Cardoso MR Konno SC Monteiro CA 2004 Wheezing conditions in early childhood: Prevalence and risk factors in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil Bull World Health Organ 82 516 522 15508196 PMC2622913
- Fry S Cousins B Olivola K 2002 Health of children living in urban slums in Asia and the near east: Review of existing literature and data. Environmental Health Project, U.S. Agency for International Development Available: http://www.ehproject.org/PDF/Activity_Reports/AR109ANEUrbHlthweb.pdf. Accessed 6 September 2007
- Siegel C Davidson A Kafadar K Norris JM Todd J 1997 Geographic analysis of pertussis infection in an urban area: A tool for health services planning Am J Public Health 87 2022 2026 9431296 PMC1381249
- Davis M 2005 The monster at our door: The global threat of avian flu New York The New Press
- Heukelbach J Wilcke T Winter B Feldmeier H 2005 Epidemiology and morbidity of scabies and pediculosis capitis in resource-poor communities in Brazil Br J Dermatol 153 150 156 16029341
- Dziuban EJ Liang JL Craun GF Hill V Yu PA 2006 Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water—United States, 2003–2004 MMWR Surveill Summ 55 1 30 17183230
- Ko AI Galvao Reis M Ribeiro Dourado CM Johnson WD Jr Riley LW 1999 Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador Leptospirosis Study Group Lancet 354 820 825 10485724
- Loewenberg S 2005 Tackling the causes of ill health in Rio's slums Lancet 365 925 926 15773001
- Bates I Fenton C Gruber J Lalloo D Lara AM 2004 Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part II: Determinants operating at environmental and institutional level Lancet Infect Dis 4 368 375 15172345
- Agarwal S Bhanot A Goindi G 2005 Understanding and addressing childhood immunization coverage in urban slums Indian Pediatrics 42 653 663 16085966
- Ompad DC Galea S Caiaffa WT Vlahov D 2007 Social determinants of the health of urban populations: Methodologic considerations J Urban Health 84 42 53 PMC1891644 17458704
- Amuyunzu M Okeng'o L Wagura A Mwenzwa E 2007 Putting on a brave face: The experiences of women living with HIV and AIDS in informal settlements of Nairobi AIDS Care 19 S25 S34 17364385
- Curtis V Cairncross S 2003 Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: A systematic review Lancet Infectious Diseases 3 275 281 12726975
- Amuyunzu-Nyamongo M Nyamongo IK 2006 Health-seeking behaviour of mothers of under-five-year-old children in the slum communities of Nairobi, Kenya Anthropology & Medicine 13 25 40 26868610
- Chinai R 2002 Mumbai slum dwellers' sewage project goes nationwide Bull World Health Organ 80 684 685 Available: http://www.archidev.org/IMG/pdf/v80n8a15.pdf. Accessed 7 September 2007 12219162 PMC2567586
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Framework for Public Health Action: The Health Impact Pyramid
Frieden, T. R. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.185652 · Cited by 1,535 · see citing works
Health and health-related indicators in slum, rural, and urban communities: a comparative analysis
Mberu, B. U., Haregu, T. N., Kyobutungi, C., & Ezeh, A. C. (2016) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v9.33163 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Nadimpalli, M. L., Marks, S. J., Montealegre, M. C., Gilman, R. H., Pajuelo, M. J., Saito, M., Tsukayama, P., Njenga, S. M., Kiiru, J., Swarthout, J., et al. (2020) · Nature microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0722-0 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Kniveton, D., & Cannon, T. (2020) · Palgrave Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-020-0443-2 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Turley, R., Saith, R., Bhan, N., Rehfuess, E., & Carter, B. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010067.pub2 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Sanitation facilities in Kampala slums, Uganda: users' satisfaction and determinant factors
Tumwebaze, I. K., Orach, C. G., Niwagaba, C., Luthi, C., & Mosler, H.-J. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2012.713095 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Slum Upgrading and Health Equity
Corburn, J., & Sverdlik, A. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14040342 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Corburn, J., & Karanja, I. (2016) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dau100 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Sleep and Quality of Life in Urban Poverty: The Effect of a Slum Housing Upgrading Program
Simonelli, G., Leanza, Y., Boilard, A., Hyland, M., Augustinavicius, J. L., Cardinali, D. P., Vallières, A., Pérez-Chada, D., & Vigo, D. E. (2013) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.3124 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Henley, P., Lowthers, M., Koren, G., Fedha, P. T., Russell, E., VanUum, S., Arya, S., Darnell, R., Creed, I. F., Trick, C. G., et al. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2014-0035 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Health outcomes of crisis driven urban displacement: A conceptual framework
Deola, C., & Patel, R. B. (2014) · Disaster Health · doi:10.4161/21665044.2014.990306 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Unger, A., & Riley, L. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Unger, Alon
- ORCID
- Riley, Lee W
- Venue
- PLoS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2007-10-23
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e295
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC2039756
- OpenAlex
- W2147036777
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Public Health and Environmental Issues
- Keywords
- slum health, slums, urban poverty, health interventions, housing conditions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Female, Goals, Health Priorities, Health Promotion, Health Services Needs and Demand, Health Status, Humans, Male, Medical Indigency, Population Density, Poverty, Poverty Areas, Social Problems, United Nations, Urban Health, Global Health, Healthcare Disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review