Attachment to Parents, Social Anxiety, and Close Relationships of Female Students over the Transition to College
Abstract
The current study examined the process by which attachment to parents influences satisfaction with and ease in forming friendships at college. One hundred seventy-two female college freshmen completed a measure of parental attachment security the summer before their first semester of college (July 2006) and measures to assess satisfaction with and ease in forming close relationships at the end of their first semester (December 2006). Students ranged in age from 18 to 20 years (M = 18.09, SD = 0.33) and were diverse in their racial makeup (30% racial minority). Consistent with predictions derived from attachment theory, secure attachment to parents was positively associated with ease in forming friendships among racial minority and white participants and satisfaction with friendships among minority participants. Moreover, indirect effects of parental attachment security on relationship outcomes through social anxiety were significant for minority participants but not for white participants. Findings may be useful in the development of retention programs targeted at incoming university freshmen, particularly minority students.
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Parade et al. (2010) found that social anxiety mediated the association between parental attachment prior to college and ease forming and satisfaction with close relationships in a sample of female US students.
“Parade et al. (2010) found that social anxiety mediates the relationship between parental attachment prior to college and ease forming close relationships and satisfaction with them at the end of the first semester with a sample of female US students.”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Parade et al., 2010
There is evidence of associations between social anxiety and negative social outcomes.
“as well as between social anxiety and negative social outcomes (Larkins, 2014;Parade et al., 2010)”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Parade et al., 2010
Parade et al.'s study only included female participants, which limited their conclusions.
“However, Parade et al.'s study only included female participants which clearly limited their conclusions.”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Parade et al., 2010
Race was a significant moderator in Parade et al.'s associations, but due to sample composition, the study could not test gender moderation.
“Race was a significant moderator these associations, however, due to the sample composition, this study was not able to test the moderating effect of gender.”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Parade et al., 2010
The sample size was determined based on similar studies and recommendations for SEM.
“The sample size was determined on similar studies concerning identical variables, population, and SEM software (e.g., Parade et al., 2010), and researchers' recommendations on SEM about having at least 150-200 participants (Kline, 2005;Muthén & Muthén, 2002), 5 or 10 observations per estimated parameter (Bentler & Chou, 1987), and 100 participants per group in multigroup analyses (Kline, 2005).”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Parade et al., 2010
The authors of Parade et al. called for replication in samples including male students because there may be important gender differences in mechanisms underlying associations of attachment security and close relationships.
“The authors called for replication of their findings in samples that include male students because there may be important gender differences in the mechanisms that underlying associations of attachment security and experiences within close relationships.”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Parade et al., 2010
It is also plausible that students who were social anxious had less self-confidence which negatively influenced their interpersonal relationships.
“It is also plausible that students who were social anxious had less self-confidence which negatively influenced their interpersonal relationships (Parade et al., 2010).”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Parade et al., 2010
Social anxiety is a mechanism of the effect of early attachment bonds on subsequent relationships.
“and that social anxiety is a mechanism of this effect (Parade et al., 2010).”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Parade et al., 2010
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References 61 · Cited by 95
- Authors
- Parade, S. H., Leerkes, E. M., & Blankson, A. N.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- Corresponding author
- Parade, Stephanie H.
- Venue
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence
- Published
- 2009-01-28
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 127-137
- ISSN
- 0047-2891 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6601
- OpenAlex
- W1964790547
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- parental attachment, attachment security, social anxiety, close relationships, friendship satisfaction, friendship formation, transition to college, female university students, racial minority students, student retention, attachment theory
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Female, Humans, Individuation, Minority Groups, Object Attachment, Parent-Child Relations, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Social Environment, Social Support, Students, Southeastern United States, Friends, White People, Young Adult
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