Cited by 353Telemedicine and Telehealth ImplementationPsychological Testing and AssessmentHistorical and Modern Theater Studies

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Neuropsychological Test Administration by Videoconference: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Brearly, Timothy W., Shura, Robert D., Martindale, Sarah L., Lazowski, Rory A., Luxton, David D., Shenal, Brian V., Rowland, Jared A.·2017·Neuropsychology Review

DOI 10.1007/s11065-017-9349-1

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Abstract

The purpose of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of videoconference administration on adult neurocognitive tests. We investigated whether the scores acquired during a videoconference administration were different from those acquired during on-site administration. Relevant counterbalanced crossover studies were identified according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Twelve studies met criteria for analysis. Included samples consisted of healthy adults as well as those with psychiatric or neurocognitive disorders, with mean ages ranging from 34 to 88 years. Heterogenous data precluded the interpretation of a summary effect for videoconference administration. Studies including particpants with a mean age of 65-75, as well as studies that utilized a high speed network connection, indicated consistent performance across videoconference and on-site conditions, however studies with older participants and slower connections were more variable. Subgroup analyses indicated that videoconference scores for untimed tasks and those allowing for repetition fell 1/10th of a standard deviation below on-site scores. Test specific analyses indicated that verbally-mediated tasks including digit span, verbal fluency, and list learning were not affected by videoconference administration. Scores for the Boston Naming Test fell 1/10th of a standard deviation below on-site scores. Heterogenous data precluded meaningful interpretation of tasks with a motor component. The administration of verbally-mediated tasks by qualified professionals using existing norms was supported, and the use of visually-dependent tasks may also be considered. Variability in previous studies indicates a need for further investigation of motor-dependent tasks. We recommend the development of clinical best practices for conducting neuropsychological assessments via videoconference, and advocate for reimbursement structures that allow consumers to benefit from the increased access, convenience, and cost-savings that remote assessment provides.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“It has been noted that test scores for asynchronous-dependent tests, i.e. tests that are not timed and therefore allow repetition, can vary slightly but significantly depending on the type of assessment, with scores potentially being higher in videoconference assessments (Brearly et al., 2017).”
Influential
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Method
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BackgroundResult
Remote Neuropscyhological Assessment: Teleneuropsychology
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“Research comparing the performance of in-person with tele-conference assessments would also be beneficial, given the growing body of literature indicating small differences of variable significance between some in-person and telehealth assessments (Bilder et al., 2020; Brearly et al., 2017).”
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A pilot examination of the validity of stylus and finger drawing on visuomotor-mediated tests on ACEmobile
Noad, R., Newman, C. G. J., Chynoweth, J., Mayers, J., Hall, S., & Murphy, D. F. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2023.2249167 · Cited by 2
Tele-neuropsychological multidomain assessment in Italian people with cognitive disorders: Reliability and user satisfaction
Bressan, M. M., Musso, A. M., Bovi, T., Bonetti, B., & Zucchella, C. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877241300186 · Cited by 3
Moving toward the digitalization of neuropsychological tests: An exploratory study on usability and operator perception
Maggio, M. G., Giambò, F. M., Barbera, M., Pasquale, P. D., Bruno, F., Calderone, A., Quartarone, A., Rizzo, A., & Calabrò, R. S. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251334449 · Cited by 6
“73,74 Qualitative feedback from participants further highlighted the perceived bene ﬁ ts of digital tools, particularly in terms of speed and ef ﬁ ciency.”
Clinician Decision-Making Around Offering Home Video Telehealth Visits: Qualitative Study
Gately, M., Shirk, S. D., Quach, E. D., & Moo, L. R. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/83800 · Cited by 2
A pilot protocol to assess the feasibility of a virtual multiple crossover, randomized controlled trial design using methylphenidate in mild cognitive impairment
DesRuisseaux, L. A., Williams, V. J., McManus, A. J., Gupta, A. S., Carlyle, B. C., Azami, H., Gerber, J. A., Bolling, A. M., Cook, C. L., Betensky, R. A., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04752-x · Cited by 2
Online Psychological Assessment for Children and Adolescents with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Exploring New Avenues in Times of Social Distancing
Vijayanand, M., & Raman, V. (2022) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176211073877 · Cited by 2
Telemedicine-Based Cognitive Examinations During COVID-19 and Beyond: Perspective of the Massachusetts General Hospital Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry Group
Tanev, K. S., Camprodon, J. A., Caplan, D. N., Dickerson, B. C., Chemali, Z. N., Eldaief, M. C., Kim, D. D., Josephy‐Hernandez, S. E., Kritzer, M. D., Moo, L. R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20220154 · Cited by 2
Remote neuropsychological assessment of patients with neurological disorders and injuries—a study protocol for a cross-sectional case-control validation study
Berginström, N., & Andersson, L. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080628 · Cited by 2
“17 18 There are some examples of neuropsychological testing platforms that also include automated administration and scoring procedures, such as Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit, 19 Philips IntelliSpace Cognition 20 or the Cogniciti’s Brain Health Assessment.”
Method
Development of a self-administered online battery for remote assessment of executive functions and verbal memory: equivalence with face-to-face administration, preliminary norms, and acceptance
Tsiaras, Y., Koutsonida, M., Varthi, M.-A., Galliou, I., Zoubouli, C., & Aretouli, E. (2024) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2024.2376839 · Cited by 2
“…(Marra, Hamlet, et al., 2020), tests of verbal attention (digits forward and backward), language (verbal fluency and confrontation naming tests), and verbal memory (list learning tests) exhibit strong validity for use in TNP assessment (Brearly et al., 2017; Marra, Hamlet, et al., 2020a).”
Adaptation of the Cognitive Screening Test (Triagem Cognitiva – TRIACOG) for computer-mediated assessments: TRIACOG-Online
Muner, L. C., Rodrigues, J. D. C., & Becker, N. (2024) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2024.2398118 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, this form of assessment can be useful when in-person sessions are not possible, as experienced during the pandemic period or due to geographic barriers (Chapman et al., 2020), in addition to providing the possibility of continuous diagnoses and treatments (Brearly et al., 2017).”
Influential
Feasibility, validity, and normative data for the remote Uniform Data Set neuropsychological battery at the University of Pennsylvania Alzheimer's Disease Research Center
Hackett, K., Shi, Y., Schankel, L., Oliveira, N., Kelley, M., McCoubrey, H., Peskin, S. M., O’Brien, K. S., Xie, S. X., Wolk, D. A., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.70043 · Cited by 2
Normative data for teleneuropsychological testing: Findings from a Canadian adult cohort
Gilson, Z. M., Chung, A. F., Dabrowski, C. L., Gregory, M. A., Schaeffer, M. J., Gicas, K. M., & Paterson, T. S. E. (2025) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2025.2461773 · Cited by 2
“Of the neuropsychological tests that can be adapted for teleneuropsychology use, verbal and auditory tasks such as list learning and digit span tasks require little alteration of standard administration protocols (Brearly et al., 2017; Salvadori et al., 2023).”
Cross-cultural tele-neuropsychology: The use of cultural consultation and interpretation services to improve access for patients and trainees
Lee, A. J., Brothers, S. L., Mesa, H., Judd, T., & Nguyen, C. M. (2025) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2025.2474274 · Cited by 2
“…for the validity and reliability of many measures administered via teleNP being comparable to traditional administration is accumulating (Brearly et al., 2017; Butterbrod et al., 2024; Ceslis et al., 2022; Cullum et al., 2014; Marra et al., 2020; Parks et al., 2021; Rizzi et al., 2023;…”
Remote unaffiliated presurgical psychosocial evaluations: a qualitative assessment of the attitudes of ASMBS members
Salwen‐Deremer, J. K., Lauretti, J. M., Aschbrenner, K. A., Heinberg, L. J., Ritz, S. J., & Sogg, S. (2021) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2021.02.007 · Cited by 2
Principles and Practices of Neuropsychological Assessment
Lee, G. J., & Suhr, J. A. (2021) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00114-x · Cited by 2
The courts, neuropsychologists and Covid-19: The case for tele-neuropsychology
Priestley, N., & Manchester, D. (2020) · The Neuropsychologist · doi:10.53841/bpsneur.2020.1.10.21 · Cited by 2
Evaluación Remota: Consideraciones para Puerto Rico Durante y Después del COVID-19
Jusino, O. (2020) · Revista Caribeña de Psicología · doi:10.37226/rcp.v4i2.4855 · Cited by 2
Promoting brain health in a digital world
Siddarth, P., Hodes, J. F., & Small, G. W. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00015-2 · Cited by 2
Detection of Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorder with the Verbal Naming Test
Spalding, K. N., Harris, G., Windham, V. A., Strutt, A. M., & Yochim, B. P. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617721000904 · Cited by 1
“Additionally, nonvisual measures may be preferable for tele-neuropsychological evaluations (Brearly et al., 2017).”
Background
Global trends in COVID-19 Alzheimer's related research: a bibliometric analysis
Cao, C., Li, S., Zhou, G., Xu, C., Chen, X., Qiu, H., Li, X., Liu, Y., Cao, H., & Bi, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1193768 · Cited by 2
Telepractice in Aphasia: Troubleshooting and Planning Assessments Using the Virtual-Appropriate Decision Approach
Weatherill, M., Tibus, E. O., & Rodriguez, A. D. (2024) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2024_persp-23-00214 · Cited by 1
Teleneuropsychology: Reliability and Acceptance in Memory Assessment
Varandas, M., & Ribeiro, F. (2024) · Telemedicine Reports · doi:10.1089/tmr.2024.0066 · Cited by 1
“9,21 It would be possible to assess behavior, satisfaction, and acceptance of the clinical population during the session and study diagnostic agreement.”
Comparison of Telehealth Versus Face-to-Face Administration of the Oral Trail Making Test in Older Adults with and without Cognitive Impairment: A Brief Report
Fatima, H., Helphrey, J. H., Ahmed, D., Tamez, I., & Cullum, C. M. (2025) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acaf002 · Cited by 1
Challenges and considerations in virtual (remote) parenting plan evaluations: Evaluator experiences and perceptions
Saini, M. (2025) · Juvenile and Family Court Journal · doi:10.1111/jfcj.70000 · Cited by 1
Feasibility of direct-to-home teleneuropsychological evaluations in U.S. Veterans with functional seizures
Patten, R. V., DeCesare, C. D., Chan, L. C. N., Colling, K., Goode, K., Gorbatov, A., Philip, N. S., & LaFrance, W. C., Jr. (2025) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2025.2503251 · Cited by 2
“A phone screen prior to study participation informally assessed adequate internet connection speed (Brearly et al., 2017), as well as the participant’s experience using basic teleconferencing functionality.”
Influential
Multi‐site video‐based assessment with the NACC UDS‐Version 3 battery: Design and participant experience in the V‐Cog study
Sachs, B. C., Latham, L. A., Isom, S. P., Clark, L. R., Craft, S., Duff, K. M., Espeland, M. A., Farias, S. T., Gaussoin, S. A., Goldstein, F. C., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70842 · Cited by 1
“…including reviews and meta-analyses, of tele-neuropsychological assessment have generally supported remote assessment as feasible and reliable, 4,8–15 but methodological limitations including variability in testing location (home or clinic) and modality (phone or video), the lack of a…”
Lesion-symptom mapping reveals differential relationships between language and precise versus approximate numeracy
Duricy, E., Durisko, C., & Fiez, J. A. (2025) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.008 · Cited by 1
“…Dickey, & Fiez, 2016), as well as systematic reviews of remote neuropsychological test administration (Batastini, Paprzycki, Jones, & MacLean, 2021; Brearly et al., 2017; Brown & Zakzanis, 2023; Dekhtyar, Braun, Billot, Foo, & Kiran, 2020; Despoti et al., 2024), we are confident that the modality…”
Paving the road for more ethical and equitable policies and practices in telerehabilitation in psychology and neuropsychology: A rapid review
Morand-Grondin, D., Berthod, J., Sigouin, J., Beaulieu‐Bonneau, S., & Kairy, D. (2026) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/14604582261431026 · Cited by 1
Clinicians’ experiences and perspectives on the use of video teleconference in neuropsychological care
Monteiro, S. S., Santos, I. A. A., DeFilippis, N. A., & Ferreira‐Santos, F. (2026) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2026.2641697 · Cited by 1
Implementing Technology in Neuropsychological Assessments: A Scoping Review
Lobo, E. H., Young, D., McCann, E., Sriram, D., Mitchell, L. K., Brooks, D., & Dissanayaka, N. N. (2026) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-026-02407-z · Cited by 2
“Several systematic reviews have established psychometric equivalence between videoconference-based and traditional assessment methods [20, 21 ], and some have identified bar - riers and facilitators to technology adoption [22] and implementation [23].”
Development of Perceptual Inhibition Throughout the Lifespan
Richard’s, M. M., López-Ramón, M. F., Zamora, E. V., & Introzzi, I. M. (2022) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9075-1.ch007 · Cited by 1
Emerging Issues in Competence to Stand Trial Evaluation
Zapf, P. A., & Beltrani, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197649138.013.9 · Cited by 1
Evidencias de validez de la Tarea de Búsqueda Visual administrada remotamente
García, M. J., Zamora, E. V., Aydmune, Y. S., Comesaña, A., & Introzzi, I. M. (2022) · Revista Evaluar · doi:10.35670/1667-4545.v22.n2.38686 · Cited by 1
Best Practices in Tele-Forensic Methods of Gathering Data
Mulchay, C., & Knuth, S. B. (2023) · Journal of Forensic Social Work · doi:10.15763/issn.1936-9298.2023.7.2.3-17 · Cited by 1
Performance on the Latin American version of the Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (LAS-FNAME) distinguishes individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment from age-matched controls in a sample from Argentina
Keller, G., Corvalán, N., Carello, A., Arruabarrena, M. M., Martínez, C., Santos, L. D. L., Spehrs, J., Vila‐Castelar, C., Allegri, R., Quiroz, Y. T., et al. (2024) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2024.2323627 · Cited by 1
“Numerous studies have established that remote assessment is a beneficial tool in neuropsychology due to equivalent scores (Brearly et al., 2017), diagnostic agreement (Loh et al., 2007), and diagnostic accuracy (Wadsworth et al., 2016).”
Randomised controlled decentralised feasibility trial of a fixed low-dose combination antihypertensive drug strategy to attenuate cognitive decline in high-risk adults
Carcel, C., Clancy, L., Harris, K., Peters, R. K., Byrne, A., Bassett, K., Freed, R., Hoyos, C. M., Rodgers, A., Lindley, R. I., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080862 · Cited by 1
Comparing in-home telehealth and in-person administration of neuropsychological measures in an outpatient pediatric sample during the COVID-19 pandemic
Manning, M. C., Vuijk, P. J., Laurent, E., Cook, E., Braaten, E. B., Doyle, A. E., & Colvin, M. K. (2024) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2024.2403734 · Cited by 1
“To date, relatively few studies have examined teleNP in pediatric samples (Brearly et al., 2017; Cullum et al., 2014; Harder et al., 2020; Marra et al., 2020).”
Remote fitness assessment in younger and middle-aged to older adults: a comparison between laboratory- and videoconference-based assessment of selected measures of physical and cognitive fitness
Theobald, P., Herold, F., Gronwald, T., & Müller, N. G. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00985-4 · Cited by 1
“Thus, future studies that use videoconferencing to assess time-sensitive cognitive measures are advised to take possible issues with time delays arising from unstable internet connection into account [111].”
Background
Telepractice of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): Validation and Practical Considerations
Tortora, C., Maglio, D., Ceccato, I., Malva, P. L., Crosta, A. D., Prete, G., Mammarella, N., Domenico, A. D., & Palumbo, R. (2025) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/hbe2/2981842 · Cited by 1
Effect of telemonitoring on self-care behaviors among community-dwelling adults with heart failure
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Neuropsychological Assessment in Later Life
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The Remote Testing in Abbiategrasso (RTA) Study Protocol: A Counter-Balanced Crossover Trial to Assess the Feasibility of Direct-to-Home-Neuropsychology with Older People
Vaccaro, R., Aglieri, V., Rolandi, E., Rossi, M., Pettinato, L., Ceretti, A., Colombo, M. M., & Guaita, A. (2022) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2022.145043 · Cited by 1
The delivery of paediatric neuropsychological rehabilitation in the Covid-19 pandemic: A survey from the UK Paediatric Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Specialist Interest Group (PNRSIG)
Bennett, E. S., Gosling, S., Harter, C., & Watson, S. (2021) · The Neuropsychologist · doi:10.53841/bpsneur.2021.1.11.21 · Cited by 1

Authors: Brearly, T. W., Shura, R. D., Martindale, S. L., Lazowski, R. A., Luxton, D. D., Shenal, B. V., & Rowland, J. A.
Affiliations: W. G. (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center (US)
College Board (US)
University of Washington (US)
Salem VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Brearly, Timothy W.
ORCID: Brearly, Timothy W.
Shura, Robert D.
Martindale, Sarah L.
Luxton, David D.
Rowland, Jared A.
Venue: Neuropsychology Review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-06
Volume: 27
Issue: 2
Pages: 174-186
ISSN: 1040-7308 (ISSN-L)
1573-6660
DOI: 10.1007/s11065-017-9349-1
OpenAlex: W2625027748
Cited by: 353
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10
FWCI: 3.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: Neuropsychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
Keywords: remote neuropsychological assessment, telemedicine, Boston Naming Test, digit span, verbal fluency, list learning, internet speed, older adults, mental illness, neurocognitive disorders, reimbursement
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Dementia, Humans, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Telemedicine, Videoconferencing, Cognitive Dysfunction

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Neuropsychological Test Administration by Videoconference: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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