CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 529Gender Politics and RepresentationElectoral Systems and Political ParticipationGender, Labor, and Family Dynamics

Same Game, Different Rules? Gender Differences in Political Participation

Open access
Coffé, Hilde, Bolzendahl, Catherine·2010·Sex Roles
DOI 10.1007/s11199-009-9729-yPMC PMC2852527
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

We investigate gender gaps in political participation with 2004 ISSP data for 18 advanced Western democracies (N: 20,359) using linear and logistic regression models. Controlling for socio-economic characteristics and political attitudes reveals that women are more likely than men to have voted and engaged in 'private' activism, while men are more likely to have engaged in direct contact, collective types of actions and be (more active) members of political parties. Our analysis indicates that demographic and attitudinal characteristics influence participation differently among men and among women, as well as across types of participation. These results highlight the need to move toward a view of women engaging in differing types of participation and based on different characteristics.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11199-009-9729-y

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Women are less likely than men to engage in collective political action (e.g., attending a demonstration, political meeting, or rally).

    “Indeed, Coffé and Bolzendahl (2010) show that women are less likely than men to engage in collective political action (e.g., attending a demonstration, political meeting, or rally).”

    From How to study democratic backsliding (2024) · cites this paper as Coffé and Bolzendahl, 2010

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 66

  1. Abbott A The sociology of work and occupations Review of Sociology 1993 19 187 209 10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.001155 · DOI
  2. Allison PD Comparing logit and probit coefficients across groups Sociological Methods and Research 1999 28 186 208 10.1177/0049124199028002003 · DOI
  3. Alwin DF Cohen RL Newcomb TM Political attitudes over the life span: The Bennington women after 50 years 1991 Madison Wisconsin University Press
  4. Armingeon K van Deth J Montero JR Westholm A Political participation and associational involvement Citizenship and involvement in European democracies: A comparative analysis 2007 London Routledge 358 383
  5. Atkeson LR Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement The Journal of Politics 2003 65 1040 1061 10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00124 · DOI
  6. Atkeson LR Rapoport RB The more things change the more they stay the same: examining differences in political communication, 1952–2000 Public Opinion Quarterly 2003 67 495 521 10.1086/378961 · DOI
  7. Banducci SA Donovan T Karp JA Minority representation, empowerment and participation Journal of Politics 1999 66 534 556
  8. Batalova J Cohen PN Premarital cohabitation and housework: couples in cross-national perspective Journal of Marriage and the Family 2002 64 743 755 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00743.x · DOI
  9. Bernstein AG Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students Sex Roles 2005 52 299 310 10.1007/s11199-005-2674-5 · DOI
  10. Bolzendahl C Brooks C Women’s political representation and welfare state spending in twelve capitalist democracies Social Forces 2007 85 1509 1534 10.1353/sof.2007.0061 · DOI
  11. Bourque S Grossholtz J Phillips A Politics an unnatural practice: Political science looks at female participation Feminism and politics 1998 Oxford Oxford University Press 23 43
  12. Burns N Gender in the aggregate, gender in the individual, gender and political action Politics & Gender 2007 3 104 124 10.1017/S1743923X07221014 · DOI
  13. Burns N Schlozman KL Verba S The public consequences of private inequality: family life and citizen participation American Political Science Review 1997 91 373 389 10.2307/2952362 · DOI
  14. Carroll SJ The impact of women in public office 2001 Bloomington Indiana University Press
  15. Chanley VA Rudolph TJ Rahn WM The origins and consequences of public trust in government: a time series analysis Public Opinion Quarterly 2000 64 239 256 10.1086/317987 11114267 · DOI
  16. Dalton RJ Citizenship norms and the expansion of political participation Political Studies 2008 56 76 98 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00718.x · DOI
  17. Dyck JJ Lascher EL Jr Direct democracy and political efficacy reconsidered Political Behavior 2009 31 401 427 10.1007/s11109-008-9081-x · DOI
  18. Fox RL Lawless JL Entering the arena? Gender and the decision to run for office American Journal of Political Science 2004 48 264 280 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00069.x · DOI
  19. Fridkin K Kenney P Examining the gender gap in children’s attitudes toward politics Sex Roles 2007 56 133 140 10.1007/s11199-006-9156-2 · DOI
  20. Gabriel OW van Deth JW van Deth JW Scarbrough E Political interest The impact of values 1995 Oxford Oxford University Press 390 411
  21. Goss K Rethinking the political participation paradigm: the case of women and gun control Women and Politics 2003 25 83 118 10.1300/J014v25n04_04 · DOI
  22. Gupta S The effects of transitions in marital status transitions on men’s performance of housework Journal of Marriage and Family 1999 61 700 711 10.2307/353571 · DOI
  23. Hadjar A Schlapbach F Educational expansion and interest in politics in temporal and cross-cultural perspective: a comparison of West Germany and Switzerland European Sociological Review 2009 25 271 286 10.1093/esr/jcn047 · DOI
  24. Harrison L Munn J Gendered (non)participants? What constructions of citizenship tell us about democratic governance in the twenty-first century Parliamentary Affairs 2007 60 426 436 10.1093/pa/gsm016 · DOI
  25. Hooghe M Stolle D Good girls go to the polling booth, bad boys go everywhere: gender differences in anticipated political participation among American fourteen-year-olds Women & Politics 2004 26 1 23 10.1300/J014v26n03_01 · DOI
  26. Inglehart R Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies 1997 Princeton Princeton University Press
  27. Inglehart R Norris P Rising tide: Gender equality and culture change around the world 2003 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
  28. Janoski T Citizenship and civil society: A framework of rights and obligations in liberal, traditional, and social democratic regimes 1998 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
  29. Knudsen K Waerness K National context and spouses’ housework in 34 countries European Sociological Review 2008 24 97 113 10.1093/esr/jcm037 · DOI
  30. Lister R Citizenship and difference: Towards a differentiated universalism European Journal of Social Theory 1998 1 71 90 10.1177/136843198001001006 · DOI
  31. Lister R Citizenship: Feminist perspectives 2003 New York Palgrave Macmillan
  32. Lister R Inclusive citizenship: realizing the potential Citizenship Studies 2007 11 49 61 10.1080/13621020601099856 · DOI
  33. Long JS Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables 1997 Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
  34. Lovenduski J Gendering research in political science Annual Review of Political Science 1998 1 333 356 10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.333 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Lovenduski J Feminizing politics 2005 Cambridge Polity
  36. Martin PY Gender as social institution Social Forces 2004 82 1249 1273 10.1353/sof.2004.0081 · DOI · Paper page
  37. Norris P Democratic phoenix: Reinventing political activism 2002 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
  38. Norris P Curtis J If you build a political web site, will they come? The internet and political activism in Britain International Journal of Electronic Government Reserach 2006 2 1 21
  39. Orloff AS Gender in the welfare state Annual Review of Sociology 1996 22 51 78 10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.51 · DOI
  40. Parry G Moyser G Day N Political participation and democracy in Britain 1992 Cambridge Cabridge University Press
  41. Pattie C Seyd P Whiteley P Citizenship and civic engagement: attitudes and behaviour in Britain Political Studies 2003 51 443 468 10.1111/1467-9248.00435 · DOI
  42. Paxton P Kunovich S Hughes MM Gender in politics Annual Review of Sociology 2007 33 263 284 10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131651 · DOI
  43. Poortman A-R Sex differences in the economic consequences of separation: a panel study of the Netherlands European Sociological Review 2000 16 367 383 10.1093/esr/16.4.367 · DOI
  44. Rapoport RB The sex gap in political persuading: where the ‘structuring principle’ works American Journal of Political Science 1981 25 32 48 10.2307/2110911 · DOI
  45. Read JG More of a bridge than a gap: Gender differences in Arab-American political engagement Social Science Quarterly 2007 88 1072 1091 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00492.x · DOI
  46. Risman B Gender vertigo 1998 New Haven Yale University Press
  47. Rotolo T A time to join, a time to quit: the influence of life cycle transitions on voluntary association membership Social Forces 2000 78 1133 1161 10.2307/3005944 · DOI
  48. Sarvasy W Siim B Gender, transitions to democracy, and citizenship Social Politics 1994 1 249 255 10.1093/sp/1.3.249 · DOI
  49. Sayer L Gender, time, and inequality: Trends in women’s and men’s paid work, unpaid work, and free time Social Forces 2005 84 285 303 10.1353/sof.2005.0126 · DOI
  50. Schlozman KL Burns N Verba S Gender and the pathways to participation: the role of resources The Journal of Politics 1994 56 963 990 10.2307/2132069 · DOI
  51. Schlozman KL Burns N Verba S Donahue J Gender and citizen participation: is there a different voice? American Journal of Political Science 1995 39 267 293 10.2307/2111613 · DOI
  52. Schlozman KL Burns N Verba S “What happened at work today?”: A multistage model of gender, employment, and political participation The Journal of Politics 1999 61 29 53 10.2307/2647774 · DOI
  53. Schreiber R Injecting a woman’s voice: conservative women’s organizations, gender consciousness, and the expression of women’s policy preferences Sex Roles 2002 47 331 342 10.1023/A:1021479030885 · DOI
  54. Schwarz N Wagner D Bannert M Mathes L Cognitive accessibility of sex role concepts and attitudes toward political participation: the impact of sexist advertisements Sex Roles 1987 17 593 601 10.1007/BF00287738 · DOI
  55. Schwindt-Bayer LA Still supermadres? Gender and the policy priorities of latin American legislators American Journal of Political Science 2006 50 570 585 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00202.x · DOI
  56. Siim B Gender and citizenship: Politics and agency in France, Britain and Denmark 2000 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
  57. Stake J Predictors of change in feminist activism through women’s and gender studies Sex Roles 2007 57 43 54 10.1007/s11199-007-9227-z · DOI
  58. Stolle D Hooghe M Micheletti M Politics in the supermarket: political consumerism as a form of political participation International Political Science Review 2005 26 245 269 10.1177/0192512105053784 · DOI
  59. Ulbig SG Policies, procedures, and people: sources of support for government? Social Science Quarterly 2002 83 789 809 10.1111/1540-6237.00115 · DOI
  60. van Aelst P Walgrave S Who is that (wo)man in the street? From normalization of protest to the normalization of the protestor European Journal of Political Research 2001 39 461 486 10.1111/1475-6765.00582 · DOI
  61. Verba S The citizen as respondent: sample surveys and American democracy presidential address, American Political Science Association, 1995 The American Political Science Review 1996 90 1 7 10.2307/2082793 · DOI
  62. Verba S Nie N Kim J-O Participation and political equality: A seven-nation comparison 1978 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
  63. Verba S Burns N Schlozman KL Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement The Journal of Politics 1997 59 1051 1072 10.2307/2998592 · DOI
  64. Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Campbridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  65. Wattenberg M Where have all the voters gone? 2002 Cambridge Harvard University Press
  66. Young IM Anderson J Siim B Situated knowledge and democratic discussions The politics of inclusion and empowerment 2004 New York Palgrave Macmillan 19 35

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Coffé, H., & Bolzendahl, C.
Affiliations
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • University of California, Irvine (US)
Corresponding author
Coffé, Hilde
ORCID
Venue
Sex Roles
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2010-02-02
Volume
62
Issue
5-6
Pages
318-333
ISSN
  • 0360-0025 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2762
DOI
10.1007/s11199-009-9729-y
PMC
PMC2852527
OpenAlex
W2134525107
Cited by
529
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 52 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 12
FWCI
27.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Sex Roles (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Universiteit Utrecht
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Politics and Representation
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
Keywords
gender differences, political participation, voting, political activism, collective action, party membership, political attitudes, women's political participation, Western democracies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review